So, to recap everything we have discussed in these four lectures, we start out these

really basic questions a little kick might have had, by looking up at the sky.

How did this big universe begin?

And, we talked a lot about this, for example, inflation started

our incredibly tiny universe into a macroscopic universe as we see today.

And that inflation flattened the universe out as we see today.

Also made the temperature the same throughout any directions

you look at but also same time planted the seed

for a structure formation later due to this quantum noise

that happened in this microscopic world due to uncertainty principle.

Dark matter was, was also responsible for studying the beginning of the universe.

And Higgs Boson as well. And also the absence of anti-matter.

What is its fate? The dark energy has a lot to it.

Dark energy is, accelerating the expanding universe.

And depending on the nature of dark energy.

We talked about this equation of state parameter, dark energy

may keep multiplying to the extent that it may lead to

an end of the universe, or maybe it may go

back to a decelerated universe like what it did with inflation.

It may be the second round of inflation

in a way.

So that has to do with an age of dark energy.

What is it made of? We have seen the energy budget.

What we thought the universe was made of, namely atoms, turned out

to be actually a tiny fraction of the universe, less than 5%.

The rest was dark matter, about a quarter of

the universe, and dark energy, about 70% of the universe.

So what it's made of has very strong link to how the universe

began, and how the universe is going to end up with.

What is fundamental laws?

We talked about the theory of gravity due

to Einstein that gravity was sort of an illusion.

Gravity is about warping of space and time.

We still don't know much about the fundamental laws of physics.

If you go all the way back to the

beginning of the universe maybe we have to replace Einstein's

theory eh, everything else we know by a

new theory of physical loss, we don't know that

so that's something we are pursuing at the same time and also where do we come from?

We talked about original chemical elements that make

up us and partly came from the formation of

[UNKNOWN]

elements inside the stars that got released

into out of space by the supernovae explosions.

And also the atoms need to have electrons going

around, that would require explosions filling out the entire universe.

We also need to get rid of anti-matter so that

we can live happily without fear in the current universe.

And all of these things come together into the same question about the universe and

that's something that is really coming into realm of science.

I hope you got that message clearly.

So it's really interesting to think of the universe in terms of this snake of sizes.

So we are here, and we have the size of, let's say, one meter or so.

If you go, going up to bigger sizes, you

may see a mountain, earth itself, solar system, and galaxies,

and eventually go to clusters of galaxies to the entire universe.

And that's the biggest thing we can see, and think about.

On the other hand if you go to smaller and smaller sizes lot of human bodies may go

down to cells, DNA, eventually to atoms, nuclei and the elementary particles.

Let me go back all the way back to some kind

of unified theory that describes all the forces and all matter

particles at the same time, and it so happens that this word

of tiny, tiny things where the quantum mechanics is really the laws

of physics creating these uncertainty principles, turned out to be the origin

of all these big structures in the universe today because of inflation.

So big things and small things actually come together.

And this is really nicely presented

by this picture of ouroboros snake, from Greek mythology,

that was meant to represent the unity of the world.

And indeed, unity of the world today is about

entire universe, and the smallest particles we can think of.

And they actually come together, is a very very interesting observation.

So in terms of the scales of

objects, biggest things and smallest things come hand

in hand.

And unless we actually think about them together,

we can never comprehend the mystery of the universe.

So that's how I started this institute, the Kavli Institute for

Physics and Mathematics of the Universe at the University of Tokyo.

As the name suggests we like to study

the universe by a combination of physics and mathematics.

And obviously astronomy comes together, too.

And we studied actually from scratch back in 2007.

That was founded completely new where nothing existed before.

A year later we grew to this size and I hope

you are seeing that we have

very international composition of our membership.

Two years later. Three years later.

Four years later. Five years later.

So this is where we are.

And the composition is more than half international,

even though this is an institute in Japan.

So that is the Institute for the Physics and Mathematical Universe.

Thanks to Kavli Foundation in the United States that created some endowments

for us, we are now Kavli Instutute for the Physics and Mathematical Universe.

This is where we study all of these

questions we talked about in these four lectures.

I hope you would be interested in coming to visit.

May even join a membership at some point.

Thank you for your attention.

4-8 Wrap-up

从大爆炸到暗能量

与讲师见面