Inadequate bone quantity

is commonly encountered in implant dentistry,

often as a consequence of long standing tooth loss.

These defects can be of considerable size,

and often currently available techniques

can provide unpredictable treatment outcomes.

This means that novel methods are required,

and tissue engineering is one such technique.

Tissue Engineering is a multidisciplinary field,

which incorporates engineering, cellular molecular science,

and clinical specialties.

It involves the fabrication of tissues outside the body

for implantation into the body.

There are several essential components

of Tissue Engineer constructs.

These are, the presence of

appropriate numbers of responsive progenitor cells.

Furthermore, we require

the correct extracellular matrix or scaffold,

and finally, we need the appropriate levels

and sequence of regulatory signals.

Essentially, the aim of Tissue Engineering

is to manufacture human replacement parts

In terms of the cell component,

immature and undifferentiated progenitors,

it means the stem cells

are ideal for tissue engineering

because of their favourable proliferative properties

and ability to differentiate into multiple cell types.

Furthermore, several important features

need to be considered in regards to scaffolds

for bone tissue engineering

The requirements for these scaffolds are,

the correct form, an ability to fill

complex three-dimensional bone defects.

We also need to consider the function and the ability

to provide temporary mechanical load bearing.

Fixation is also very important

in terms of achieving secure attachment,

task-eliminating motion.

And most importantly, we need to be able

to enhance bone formation

by providing appropriate mass transport environments,

allowing perfusion, and delivering osteoinductive factors,

including cells, proteins, and/or genes.

Providing an appropriate environment

for tissue engineering is essential

for the maturation of the scaffold

A suitable environment for tissue engineering

can be achieved by adding growth factors

and other extracellular matrix molecules

such as bone morphology proteins.

In this slide, we can see conceptually

how a tissue engineering construct

can be used to regenerate a major defect in the mandible,

which is a commonly encountered problem

in dental implantology.

The advantages of this approach

are that there is no need for autogenous grafting

and the associated morbidity of this procedure.

Furthermore, we have greater control

of the biological processes in vitro

and a mature construct can be implanted

in vivo with defined properties.

This is particular desirable where we want

to have controlled temporal and spatial maturation process

as well as when we want

to incorporate bio-elective molecules.

Finally, I would like to look into the future,

hopefully, not to far into the future

and present a clinically plausible approach

to making customized tissue engineered constructs.

We would commence by obtaining a precise image

of the bone defect.

This will be followed by the use

of a computer-assisted design

to make an accurate digital replica of the missing tissue,

and then bioprinting will be utilized to manufacture

and visualize construct that precisely replicates

the missing bone.

This construct would then be inserted into the patient.

软组织工程和再生技术

口腔种植学（Implant Dentistry）

与讲师见面

软组织工程和再生技术

口腔种植学 （Implant Dentistry）

与讲师见面

口腔种植学（Implant Dentistry）