Medical Neuroscience explores the functional organization and neurophysiology of the human central nervous system, while providing a neurobiological framework for understanding human behavior. In this course, you will discover the organization of the neural systems in the brain and spinal cord that mediate sensation, motivate bodily action, and integrate sensorimotor signals with memory, emotion and related faculties of cognition. The overall goal of this course is to provide the foundation for understanding the impairments of sensation, action and cognition that accompany injury, disease or dysfunction in the central nervous system. The course will build upon knowledge acquired through prior studies of cell and molecular biology, general physiology and human anatomy, as we focus primarily on the central nervous system. This online course is designed to include all of the core concepts in neurophysiology and clinical neuroanatomy that would be presented in most first-year neuroscience courses in schools of medicine. However, there are some topics (e.g., biological psychiatry) and several learning experiences (e.g., hands-on brain dissection) that we provide in the corresponding course offered in the Duke University School of Medicine on campus that we are not attempting to reproduce in Medical Neuroscience online. Nevertheless, our aim is to faithfully present in scope and rigor a medical school caliber course experience. This course comprises six units of content organized into 12 weeks, with an additional week for a comprehensive final exam: - Unit 1 Neuroanatomy (weeks 1-2). This unit covers the surface anatomy of the human brain, its internal structure, and the overall organization of sensory and motor systems in the brainstem and spinal cord. - Unit 2 Neural signaling (weeks 3-4). This unit addresses the fundamental mechanisms of neuronal excitability, signal generation and propagation, synaptic transmission, post synaptic mechanisms of signal integration, and neural plasticity. - Unit 3 Sensory systems (weeks 5-7). Here, you will learn the overall organization and function of the sensory systems that contribute to our sense of self relative to the world around us: somatic sensory systems, proprioception, vision, audition, and balance senses. - Unit 4 Motor systems (weeks 8-9). In this unit, we will examine the organization and function of the brain and spinal mechanisms that govern bodily movement. - Unit 5 Brain Development (week 10). Next, we turn our attention to the neurobiological mechanisms for building the nervous system in embryonic development and in early postnatal life; we will also consider how the brain changes across the lifespan. - Unit 6 Cognition (weeks 11-12). The course concludes with a survey of the association systems of the cerebral hemispheres, with an emphasis on cortical networks that integrate perception, memory and emotion in organizing behavior and planning for the future; we will also consider brain systems for maintaining homeostasis and regulating brain state.
Cranial Nerve Nuclei, part 4
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来自 Duke University 的课程
Medical Neuroscience
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从本节课中
Neuroanatomy: Internal Anatomy of the Human CNS
与讲师见面
Leonard E. White, Ph.D.Associate Professor
Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences; Director of Education, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences; Duke University
Okay, welcome back to this tutorial on the cranial nerve nuclei.
If you have Sylvius 4 software, go ahead and open it and follow along with me.
If you don't, that's fine, just enjoy the tour.
Maybe if you have Sylvius, you may just want to watch the remaining segment of
this tutorial, and then, go back and repeat what I do and do it on your own
time in your own way. So, however you like let's begin by
getting into Sylvius 4. And I'm going to open up the Brainstem
Cross Sectional Atlas and I'll just click on All structures.
So this opens up the Atlas within Sylvius 4 that's devoted to the brainstem and the
spinal cord. And the default here is to show us the,
the very top section, which as the navigator tool indicates is taken from the
upper part of the brainstem. So, this is really the junctional region
between the thalamus in the brainstem. We recognize the brainstem by these
prominent cerebral peduncles that are taking shape, but we know we're still in
the caudal part of the diencephalon because we have the mammillary bodies
present along the ventral midline. So let's just get down one section below
and now this is looking more like the midbrain, because we see these massive
cerebral peduncles on the ventral lateral surface.
We see a small cerebral aqueduct that tell us that we're cutting through the region
of the brain called the midbrain. Now, what's attached to the midbrain?
Well, the oculomotor nerve. So here's the oculomotor nerve and we can
follow its roots back towards a semantic motor nucleus along the dorsal midline and
a visceral motor nucleus that we should expect to find setting very near it.
And indeed, if we follow these axons back, we have the oculomotor nuclei which are
the somatic motor nucleus of the third nerve.
And then, just superior to the oculomotor nucleus is our Edinger-Westphal nucleus,
the source of the parasympathetic outflow through the third cranial nerve.
Okay, going just a little more inferior now.
We are rear, near a region where the midbrain is beginning to join the pons.
So we still see some cerebral peduncle, but now we're looking at some nuclei and
some fibers that are associated with the pons.
So we know we're right near that junctional region.
That's very near the region where the trochlear nerve inner, emerges from the
posterior part of the brainstem. And indeed here is our trochlear motor
nucleus. Again, what we expect to find?
We would expect to find a somatic motor nucleus near the dorsal midline of the
tegmentum of the brainstem. So there is our trochlear motor nucleus,
very small nucleus. And the trochlear nerve is a very small
nerve, so that's nerve IV. Nerve V is near the center of the pons, so
we need to section into the pons a little bit.
So we need to section through the pons just a little bit in order to get to the
trigeminal nerve. And at this level, we see there, broad,
massive nerve roots of the trigeminal nerve on either side.
And if we follow these nerve roots back, they connect to a set of nuclei.
So, more lateral is where we find our chief sensory nucleus of the trigeminal
complex, also called the principal sensory nucleus.
And just to the medial side of that nucleus we would find the branchial motor
nucleus, the trigeminal motor nucleus. Now, the mesencephalic nucleus actually
begins at about this level, it's found right about in this region.
Very small nucleus, but if I select it we can recognize this nucleus as it runs in
the superior direction, just along the lateral aspect of the gray matter that is
just on a lateral margin of the fourth ventricle as it begins to close off into
the cerebral peduncle. So this nucleus really just trails off as
a thin collection of cells. That's it.
Just medial to the tract of this nucleus, which are the axons feeding this nucleus.
So right in this position is where we find the cells that give rise to the
mesencephalic division of the trigeminal. Okay, well, let's get back to the
trigeminal nerve. So here again is the trigeminal nerve.
The chief sensory or the principal nucleus of the trigeminal complex and the
trigeminal motor nucleus. Now, at this level, we are getting very
close to those cranial nerves that we would find along the border between the
pons and the medulla. We're not quite there yet, but we're
getting close to it. So if we go down one section, now, we're
beginning to see some of those nerves and nuclei.
So what are those nerves again? It's nerves VI, VII, and VIII, the
abducens, the facial, and the vestibulocochlear.
So the abducens nerve is connected to the abducens nucleus, the somatic motor
nucleus here along the dorsal midline of the tegmentum of the pons.
And we can actually see some of the axons of the abducens nucleus that are growing
out in the ventral direction to exit right about here at the junction of the pons and
the medulla, pretty close to the midline. Now, also, in this level of the pons, we
have our facial motor nucleus, and this is another branchial motor nuclues.
So it's not going to be along the dorsal margin of the tegmentum.
But set back in the intermediate and lateral region of the tegmentum due the
embryological migration of these brancho meric motor neurons.
So here's our facial motor nucleus and the facial motor nucleus gives rise to axons
that do something very strange. They actually sweep across the top of the
abducens nucleus, so there is our nerve root of the facial nerve and the facial
motor nucleus itself. So, the axons didn't exactly grow up and
around, actually, the neurons themselves migrated in the anterior lateral position
and they simply elongated the axon as they migrated down.
So these cells used to up here somewhere, but ended up migrating down.
And with it, drew, they drew out their axons.
So the seventh nerve ends up exiting the brainstem in this lateral position out
here, and just to the lateral side of the facial nerve, we expect to find the
vestibulocochlear nerve, which is right in this domain here.
So the vestibulocochlear nerve is related to a set of nuclei called vestibular
nuclei. We see several of them here in this
cluster, near lateral aspect of the tegmentum of the pons.
We don't yet have the cochlear nucleus, that's found in slightly more inferior
position in the upper part of the medulla. So we'll get to that in just a moment.
Now also in the lateral aspect of this tegmentum, we would expect the sensory
nucleui associated with the trigeminal complex.
And now that we're below the trigeminal nerve, we're going to be below that chief
sensory nucleus. What we find is our spinal nucleus of the
trigeminal complex. And just to the lateral side of that
nucleus are the axons from the trigeminal nerve that supply the nucleus.
We call this the spinal trigeminal tract. And then just to the medial side of the
tract is the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Okay, now, let's go down one section, and
now, we're in the upper part of the medulla.
The section looks a lot bigger, but really, it's a magnification of the
section for clarity purposes not to scale. So, the brainstem is actually getting a
bit smaller now that we go from pons to medulla but our magnification is actually
increased. Now, unfortunately, we didn't have an
optimal section to put into Sylvius to demonstrate the cochlear nuclei, so
they're, they're not labeled. But they're present here nevertheless.
So notice that there is this big dark bundle of white matter here called the
inferior cerebellar peduncle. And I say dark, because this is an image
of sections through the brainstem where the white matter is made to look dark and
the gray matter is made to look light. I should have said that right from the
start. I'm sorry about that.
But just to clarify, the white matter is dark, the gray matter is light.
So, this is a big bundle of white matter in the dorsolateral aspect of the medulla
that we'll talk about in a later session. This provides signals from the spinal cord
to reach the cerebellum. Just to the lateral margin of that bundle
here in the upper medulla, we see some gray matter which is unstained in this
view of the brain. And so, this gray matter, that's part of
the cochlear nuclei complex. In fact, this little tag of tissue here,
that's a bit of the eight nerve. So the cochlear nuclei are in the lateral
margin just outside that inferior cerebellar peduncle, the vestibular
division is just on the medial edge of this inferior cerebellar peduncle.
So here, we have a couple of divisions of the vestibular nuclear complex.
They would connect up with axons that are coming right here from this vestibular
cochlear nerve. Now, we are also beginning to encounter
the rostral part of this very interesting visceral sensory nucleus, called the
nucleus of the solitary tract. So here is the nucleus.
There is something called the solitary tract.
It's actually the axons from nerves VII, IX, and X that supply signals into this
nucleus. So there is the nucleus, and if we go down
one section, we see this a bit more distinctively.
There's something like a bullseye shape where the nucleus is surrounding the
tract. Kind of an unusual configuration if you
can compare that to the situation we have with the trigeminal system.
In the trigeminal system, we have the tract that sits out here lateral to the
nucleus, but in the solitary system, the tract is right in the middle of the
nucleus, so the gray matter actually surrounds the nucleus with respect to the
solitary tract. So, it's an interesting shape.
It's a visual distinctive as we look into a section through the upper part of the
medulla that is stained to, to resemble a myelin stain where white matter is dark
and gray matter is light. Okay.
So, also here, in the upper medulla, you should be thinking about a somatic motor
nucleus, the hypoglossal nucleus. We would expect to find it along the
dorsal margin of the tegmentum and there is our hypoglossal nucleus.
Now, if you'll remember where the hypoglossal nerve roots exit the
brainstem, they do so right along this cleft between the medullary pyramid and
the olive. So, we can imagine if we took a section
through here, what would we see? We might expect to see fibers emerging
between the pyramid and the olive and that's exactly what we see here in this
section. So there's the hypoglossal nerve and we
can follow its trajectory, right between the medullary pyramid, which now we see in
cross section, a dense bundle of white matter and the olive.
And the olive is made from this fantastically looking gray matter nucleus,
called the inferior olivary nucleus, and some white matter that's on the outside of
that nucleus. So we'll talk about the inferior olivary
nucleus when we talk about cerebellar function.
Really, a fascinating story about how this inferior olivary nucleus induces
plasticity in the cerebellum. But for now, we'll just use it as a
visible landmark that allows us to know where to expect to find the emergence of
the twelfth cranial nerve between the olive and the pyramid.
Alright. Let's get back up to the dorsal tegmentum.
We talked about the somatic motor nucleus on the midline.
We talked about the visceral sensory nucleus that is a bit more lateral.
And our special sensory nuclei, the vestibular nuclei.
And then, our general sensory nucleu in the far lateral region.
But between the motor and the sensory, we might expect to find some visceral motor.
And indeed, we have a major visceral motor structure here, called the dorsal motor
nucleus of the vagus nerve. So this is where many of our
parasympathetic visceral motor cells reside that grow out axons through the
vagus nerve. Also contributing to that vagus nerve are
parasympathetic neurons that are involved with inhibiting the rate of contraction of
the heart and the contractility of the ventricle.
Those parasympathetic visceral motor neurons come from this obscure, hard to
see, ambiguus nucleus in the medulla called the nucleus ambiguus.
Sometimes it's nice when the names tell us something about what we expect to see and
this is one such case. So here is the nucleus ambiguus.
As I mentioned, it sort of has two parts to it, there is the cardioinhibitory
parasympathetic outflow. But then there's also the branchial motor
outflow, which goes to the muscles of the pharynx and the larynx, also via cranial
nerves IX and X. Okay.
Well let's just follow down a few more sections and we'll get below the level of
the hypoglossal nucleus and nerve here. What we will encounter, however, is the
spinal trigeminal nucleus. And we'll see that we still have a tract
to the lateral side of the nucleus. And as we go through the brainstem, at
least in Sylvius, we use anatomical convention to recognize different
subdivisions of this spinal trigeminal nucleus.
There are really multiple subdivisions that have different functions and the
sensations of pain and temperature derived from the face and the oral cavity.
We won't get into all of that now, but I'll just point out to you that that's why
we see these various divisions in Sylvius here.
Now, these divisions eventually seem to run right into the dorsal horn of the
spinal cord. So there's this bright, compact part
called the substantia gelatinosa and I want you to notice as we get into the
brainstem, there is also a bright compact part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus that
we call the gelatinosa part. So again, very much parallel,
organizational system to what we see in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, which
as we'll come to see in a forthcoming tutorial, also is concerned with pain and
temperature sensation from the body. Well, I hope you enjoyed that brief tour
of the brainstem, and just a little bit about the spinal cord, we'll have more
about the spinal chord in the later session.
I would encourage you to go through the tutorial notes, find those cranial nerve
nuclei that are highlighted in Bold font, and then, get into Sylvius and find them
here. And if you have any trouble, I'll just
remind you that we have a glossary feature built into Sylvius, which will give you a
chance to look up a term that might be of interest to you.
So for example, let's just type in trigeminal.
See what happens, we find a number of targets come up.
If we want to see the trigeminal nerve, we have an opportunity to view it in
different views, including the view of our brainstem model here.
If we want to find a particular nucleus, such as the spinal trigeminal nucleus,
again, we have different views, some of which are included in the tutorial, others
are unique to Sylvius. This one in particular you might enjoy.
This is an animation that illustrates for you how pain and temperature signals get
from the trigeminal nerve into the brainstem.
And the sounds that you heard are an indication of the synaptic junctions
between one axon, and the next neuron in the pathway.
I bet you didn't know synapses made sound. Of course, I'm joking.
Synapses don't make sound. But we put them in this animation just to
highlight the fact that there is a junction from one neuron to the next
neuron. And it will be important for you to be able to speak about the pathways
with the precision of language that conveys your understanding of the
locations of cell bodies, of axons, and synaptic connections within the pathways.
So we'll be getting to that in the next few tutorials, which will turn our
attention from the gray matter structures to the pathways that allow these gray
matter structures to be interconnected into a sensory system.
So I look forward to talking to you now in more depth about our sensory systems
beginning with our capacity for mechanosensation.
So I'll see you next time.
