The course covers basic algorithmic techniques and ideas for computational problems arising frequently in practical applications: sorting and searching, divide and conquer, greedy algorithms, dynamic programming. We will learn a lot of theory: how to sort data and how it helps for searching; how to break a large problem into pieces and solve them recursively; when it makes sense to proceed greedily; how dynamic programming is used in genomic studies. You will practice solving computational problems, designing new algorithms, and implementing solutions efficiently (so that they run in less than a second).
Reconstructing a Solution
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来自 University of California San Diego 的课程
Algorithmic Toolbox
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从本节课中
Dynamic Programming 2
In this module, we continue practicing implementing dynamic programming solutions.
与讲师见面
Alexander S. KulikovVisiting Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Michael LevinLecturer
Computer Science
Neil RhodesAdjunct Faculty
Computer Science and Engineering
Pavel PevznerProfessor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Daniel M KaneAssistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering / Department of Mathematics
In this last video of this lesson, we show a method of reconstructing an actual
solution from two tables computed by our dynamic programming algorithm.
Okay, here on this slide we see two tables, m and capital M.
Computed by our dynamic program and
algorithm which contain minimal and maximal values respectively for
all possible subexpressions of our initial expression.
Let me first put in this for
all the rows and columns of these two matrices,
as well as numbers for our initial digits.
Well, in particular, we see by reading the contents of this cell
capital M of (1,6) that the maximal value of our initial expression is equal to 200,
and our goal is to unwind the whole solution, I mean,
parenthesizing of the initial expression, from these two tables.
So our first goal on this way is to understand from which two
subexpressions of the initial expression the value 200 was computed.
Well, let's see, when computing the value for the maximal value for
subexpression (1,6), we tried all possible splittings
of the expression (1,6) into two subexpressions.
Well, let's just go through all of them.
The first possibility is to split it into two subexpressions (1,1),
which corresponds just to the first digit which
is just 5, and subexpression (2,6),
with a minus sign between them, right.
So for both these two subexpressions we already know minimal values and
maximal values.
Well, let me mark them.
So this is the minimal value for the subexpression (1,1).
This is the maximal value for subexpression (1,1).
For (2,6), this is the minimal value,
-195, and this is a maximal value, 75.
So we would like to maximize this subexpression
one minus subexpression two, which means that we would like the first subexpression
to be as large as possible and the second subexpression to be as small as possible.
Well, this means that we need to
try to take the maximal value of the first subexpression which is five and
the minimal value of the second subexpression which is -195.
Well, we see that in this case,
5 minus -195 is the same as 5 plus 195,
which equals exactly 200, right,
which allows us to conclude, actually,
that the value 200 can be obtained as follows.
So, we subtract the minimum value which is -195
over the second subexpression from 5, right.
So we restored the last operation in an optimal
parenthesizing of the initial expression.
However, we still need to find out how to obtain
-195 out of the second subexpression.
Well, let's do this.
Okay, so we need to find how the minimum value
of the subexpression (2,6) was obtained.
Well, there are several possible splittings, once again,
of the subexpression (2,6) into two smaller sub-subexpressions.
The first of them is to split (2,6) into (2,2),
which just corresponds to the digit 8 plus (3,6).
Well, in this case, we would like the value to be as small as possible and
our sign is plus in this case, which means that we would like the value of
subexpression (2,2) to be as small as possible and
the value of subexpression (3,6) also to be as small as possible.
And you already know these values, they are in our tables,
so the minimal value of subexpression (2,2) is 8,
while the minimum value of subexpression (3, 6) is minus 91, right.
So we see that the sum of these two values is not equal to -195,
right, which means that plus is not the last operation
in the optimal parenthesizing that gives the minimum
value of subexpression (2, 6), right.
So let's check the next one.
Another possibility to split the subexpression (2, 6) is the following.
We split it into subexpression (2,
3) times subexpression (4, 6), right.
So once again, we would like to find the minimum value of subexpression (2, 6).
Well, let's see just all possibilities.
The minimum value of subexpression (2, 3) is 15.
It's maximal value is also 15.
As to subexpression (4,6), its minimum value is -13.
It's maximal value is 5.
And we would like the product of these two values to be as small as possible.
Well, it is not difficult to see that if we take just 15 and
multiply it, which is a minimum value of subexpression (2,3),
and multiply it by the minimum value of the subexpression (4,6),
which is -13, then we get exactly -195.
And this, in turn, allows us to get -195
from the subexpression (2,6).
We can do as follows.
We can first compute the sum of 8 and 7.
This gives us 15.
And then to multiply it by the result of the second subexpression.
Well, now it remains to find out how to get -13 out of this subexpression for
6, but in this small example, it is already easy to get -13.
Well, we just first compute the sum of 8 and 9 and
then subtract it from 4, right.
So this way we reconstructed the whole solution, I mean,
an optimal parenthesizing, or an optimal ordering, of our arithmetic operations,
leading to this value, to this maximal value, 200.
Let's just check it once again that our parenthesizing leads to the value 200,
indeed.
So we first compute the sum of 8 and 9.
This gives us 17.
We then subtract 17 from 4.
And this gives us -13.
We then compute the sum of 8 and 7.
This gives us 15.
We multiply 15 by -13.
It gives us -195, and, finally,
we subtract this number from 5, and we get 200, indeed.
So we reconstructed the whole solution.
In general, I mean for an expression consisting of n digits and
n minus 1 operations they can respond, an algorithm makes roughly quadratic number
of steps, because it needs to reconstruct n minus one operations, I mean,
an order of n minus one operations, going from last one to the first one.
And for each operation, it potentially needs to go through all possible
splittings into two subexpressions, and this number is at most M.
So the running time is bigger of ten times M, which is bigger of M squared.
And this technique is quite general.
It applies in many cases in the dynamic problem in algorithms.
