Este curso te brinda acceso a invaluables técnicas de aprendizaje utilizadas por expertos en arte, música, literatura, matemáticas, ciencia, deportes y muchas otras disciplinas. Aprenderemos cómo el cerebro utiliza dos modos de aprendizaje muy distintos y cómo encapsula (“fragmenta”) la información. También hablaremos sobre ilusiones de aprendizaje, técnicas de memoria, cómo ocuparse de la procrastinación y las mejores prácticas, según lo demuestra la investigación, para ayudarte a dominar los temas más complicados.
Con estos enfoques, más allá de tus niveles de destreza en los temas que quieras dominar, puedes cambiar tu pensamiento y tu vida. Si ya eres un experto, este vistazo de la maquinaria cerebral te dará ideas para disparar un nuevo aprendizaje poderoso, con consejos contraintuitivos para presentar exámenes y perspectivas que te ayudarán a aprovechar al máximo el tiempo que dedicas a las tareas y a la resolución de problemas. Si estás teniendo dificultades, descubrirás un cofre del tesoro estructurado con técnicas prácticas que te orientan acerca de lo que debes hacer para mejorar. Si alguna vez deseaste ser mejor en algún ámbito del aprendizaje, este curso te servirá como guía.
Este curso también está disponible otros idiomas:
Para unirte a la versión en inglés, visita: https://www.coursera.org/learn/learning-how-to-learn
Para unirte a la versión en portugués, visita: https://www.coursera.org/learn/aprender
Para unirte a la versión en chino, visita: https://www.coursera.org/learn/ruhe-xuexi
从本节课中
Procrastinación y memoria
En este módulo, hablamos de dos ideas íntimamente conectadas: la procrastinación y la memoria. Para generar fragmentos sólidos en la memoria de largo plazo (fragmentos a los que la memoria de corto plazo puede acceder fácilmente) se requiere tiempo. Por eso es tan importante aprender a manejar la procrastinación. Finalmente, hablamos sobre algunas de las mejores maneras de acceder a los sistemas de memoria de largo plazo más poderosos del cerebro.
Ramón y Cajal Distinguished Scholar of Global Digital Learning, McMaster University Professor of Engineering, Industrial & Systems Engineering, Oakland University
Dr. Terrence Sejnowski
Francis Crick Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies Computational Neurobiology Laboratory
M.S. Orlando Trejo
Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Circuits, Universidad Simón Bolívar
In this video and the next, we're going to deepen our understanding of memory.
As you're probably beginning to understand, memory is only part
of learning and developing expertise but it's often an important part.
It may surprise you to learn that we have outstanding visual and
spacial memory systems that can help form part of our long-term memory.
Here's what I mean.
If you were asked to look around a house
you never visited before, you'd soon have a sense
of the general furniture layout and where the rooms
were, color scheme, the pharmaceuticals in the bathroom cupboard.
In just a few minutes, your mind would
acquire and retain thousands of new pieces of information.
Even weeks later, you'd still hold far more in your mind than
if you'd spent the same amount of time staring at a blank wall.
Your mind is built to retain this kind of general information about a place.
You can greatly enhance your ability to remember if
you tap into these naturally super-sized, visual, spacial memorization abilities.
Our ancestors never needed a vast memory for names or numbers
but they did need a memory for how to get back home
from the three day deer hunt, or for the location of those
plump blueberries on the rocky slopes to the South of the camp.
These evolutionary needs helped lock in a superior
"where things are" and "how they look" memory system.
To begin tapping into your visual memory system try making a
very memorable visual image representing one key item you want to remember.
For example, here's an image you could use to remember Newton's second law.
F is equal to ma.
This is a fundamental relationship relating force to mass and acceleration.
And it only took humans, oh, a couple of hundred thousand years to figure out.
The letter f in the formula could stand for flying, m
could stand for mule, and a, well that's up to you.
Part of the reason an image is so important to memory
is that images connect directly to your right brain's visual spacial centers.
The image helps you encapsulate a seemingly humdrum and hard to remember
concept by tapping into visual areas with enhanced memory abilities.
The more neural hooks you can build by evoking the senses, the easier
it will be for you to recall the concept and what it means.
Beyond merely seeing the mule, you can smell the mule,
you can feel the same windy pressure the mule is feeling.
[SOUND] You can even, hear the wind whistling past.
The funnier and more evocative the images, the better.
Focusing your attention brings something into
your temporary working memory, but for that
something to move from working memory to long term memory two things should happen.
The idea should be memorable.
There's a gigantic flying mule braying f is equal to ma on my couch.
And it must be repeated.
Otherwise remember your tiny metabolic vampires, they can suck away
the neural pattern related to that memory before it can strengthen and solidify.
Repetition's important.
Even when you make something memorable, repetition helps
get that memorable item firmly lodged into long-term memory.
Remember to repeat not a bunch of times
in one day but sporadically over several days.
Index cards can often be helpful.
Writing and saying what you're trying to learn seems to enhance retention.
For example, if you're trying to learn concepts in physics you
might take an index card and write the greek letter rho.
That's a common abbreviation for density.
You'd write it on one side and you'd write the remaining information on the other.
Handwriting helps you to more deeply encode, that is
convert into neural memory structures what you are trying to learn.
While you're writing out the kilograms per cubic
meter you might imagine a shadowy kilogram just feel
that mass lurking in an oversize piece of baggage
that happens to be one meter on each side.
The more you can turn what you're trying to remember
into something memorable, the easier it will be to recall.
You'll want to say the word and its meaning
aloud to start setting auditory hooks to the material.
Next, just look at the side of the card with the Greek letter rho on
it, and see whether you can remember what's on the other side of the card.
If you can't, flip it over and remind yourself what you're supposed to know.
If you can remember, put the card away.
Now, do something else.
Perhaps prepare another card and test yourself on it.
Once you have several cards together, try running through them all
and even mixing them around to see if you can remember them.
This helps interleave your learning.
Don't be surprised if you struggle a bit.
Once you've given your cards a good try, put them away.
Wait and take them out again, maybe before you go to sleep.
Remember that sleep is when your
mind repeats patterns and pieces together solutions.
Briefly repeat what you want to remember over several days.
Perhaps for a few minutes each morning or each evening.
Gradually extend the time between the repetitions
as the material firms itself into your mind.
By increasing your spacing as you become more certain
of mastery, you'll lock the material more firmly into place.
Great flash card systems like Anki have build in
algorithms that repeat in scale ranging from days to months.
Interestingly, one of the best ways to
remember people's names, is to simply try to
retrieve the people's names from memory at
increasing time intervals, after first learning the name.
Dr. Barbara OakleyRamón y Cajal Distinguished Scholar of Global Digital Learning, McMaster University
Dr. Terrence SejnowskiFrancis Crick Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies
M.S. Orlando TrejoAssistant Professor
