What is your cat revealing to you when she purrs? What is your dog expressing when he yawns or wags his tail? Understanding your cat and dog’s behaviour and the way they communicate with you, will enable you to better understand their needs and strengthen your relationship with them. This MOOC is divided into five topics, the appliance of science; behaviour and body language, senses and perception; challenges for the human-animal relationship, including pet problem behaviour; and how to improve the quality of life for cats and dogs in our care. At the start of the course we ask you to consider what you feel is important to your cat/dog and what your cat/dog means to you? We explore the world of cats and dogs and how our relationships with them vary around the world and have changed over time. We ask if we can really know what our animals are thinking or trying to communicate through their facial expressions and behaviours. From our beloved pets to street dogs, shelter dogs/cats and welfare challenges, we explore the world from their perspective and examine how their genetic make-up may influence their behavioural responses and choices. We dispel common behavioural myths by looking through a scientific lens, asking questions about the function and development of their behaviour.. We explore how their senses help them to interact with their world and how they communicate with each other and us! Finally, we ask whether we impose unrealistic expectations on our cats and dogs and how this affects their ability to live alongside us. We ask, what can we do to be more responsible pet owners and to ensure the welfare of all cats and dogs in society? This MOOC explores different scientifically validated methods that can help you to better understand your pet, to enrich their lives and help you to be a more educated and confident pet owner. We hope you enjoy the course!
Breeds and their uses
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来自 The University of Edinburgh 的课程
The Truth About Cats and Dogs
626 个评分
从本节课中
Ethology
In week 2, we will we explore ethology, which is the scientific and objective study of non-human animal behaviour, rather than human behaviour, and usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions. There will also be an opportunity to look at different breeds of cats and dogs and some of the possible issues that arise from breeding. At the end of the week, you will be able to complete the second of the graded quizzes.
与讲师见面
Miss Hayley Walters, RVN
Welfare and Anaesthesia
Dr Heather BaconVeterinary welfare edcuation and outreach
Jeanne Marchig International Centre of Animal Welfare Education
Professor Nat WaranProfessor of One Welfare
Eastern Institute of Technology, Napier, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand.
Dr Amy MieleLecturer in Clinical Animal Behaviour
Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education
Dogs have been selectively bred for thousands of years.
狗已经有几千年的基因选育历史。
And this has resulted in a huge variety of different physical characteristics and
这导致不同的品种之间有各种各样不同的身体特征，
also some differences in temperament between different breeds.
也有着各种不同的性情。
Humans have selectively breed dogs to fulfill a range of roles in society.
人类选育狗以满足他们在人类社会中各种不同的需要。
From guarding, herding, companionship to pest control.
包括护卫、牧羊、陪伴到害兽控制。
And this selective breeding has resulted in a variety of dogs,
基因选育也导致了各种不同的狗的出现，
some of which have some incredible characteristics.
而且有些狗还具有一些惊人的特征。
For example, the Norwegian Lundehund or 例如，挪威伦德猎犬，又叫海鹦猎犬，
puffin hound has six fully functional toes to help it grip to cliff faces and
有六只功能完善的脚趾，可以帮助他抓住悬崖壁，
is also incredibly flexible, allowing it to squeeze into puffin burrows.
他的身形极其柔韧，可以挤进海鹦的洞穴里。
This is ideal for its traditional puffin hunting role.
这对于他传统的捕猎海鹦的角色来说，十分理想。
More familiar breeds such as the iconic dalmatian or
更多为人熟知的品种，例如标志性的斑点狗，
beautiful poodle are, nowadays, not often considered to be working dogs.
或者是漂亮的贵宾犬，如今通常都不再被当做是工作犬了。
But, of course, they were bred for a particular jobs.
但是，他们也是因为一些特定的作用，而被繁殖出来的。
The dalmatian was bred to be both a beautiful ornament but
斑点狗被繁殖用作一种漂亮的装饰物，
also to have great stamina required for it's role as a carriage dog.
也作为跟车狗，因其有着很强的耐力。
Trotting along side horse drawn carriages for miles at a time.
可以跟在马车后面一次跑上好几英里。
And anyone with modern day dalmatian will still be familiar with the ferocious
现今，任何饲养斑点狗的人都知道，
exercise requirements of this breed. 这个品种的狗需要惊人的运动量。
The beautiful standard poodle is actually a working dog.
漂亮的标准贵宾犬实际上是工作犬。
Breed to work as a cold water retriever with it's curly coat cut into the iconic
贵宾犬被繁殖用来在寒冷的水中寻回猎物，
style to protect it's joints from cold water as it retrieved fallen game.
当从水中寻回猎物时，他的卷毛可以用来保护关节不受寒冷的影响。
Nowadays, the poodle is more often considered an ornamental breed, but
如今，贵宾犬更多成为了一个观赏品种，
poodle owners will be familiar with the true lively nature and
养贵宾的人也很熟悉他们活力满满的天性，
intelligence of this working breed. 以及这种工作犬的智慧。
When choosing a breed of dog, it is important to consider the role of
当我们在选择狗的品种时，很重要的是，
a particular breed in order to decide if it may truly suit your lifestyle.
要考虑到某一特定犬种所承担的角色，再决定他是否适合你的生活方式。
Unfortunately, we increasingly see expensive pedigree breed such as huskies,
不幸地是，我们看到越来越多昂贵的纯种狗，
or even labradors, and even cross breeds such as labradoodles
像哈士奇，甚至是拉布拉多，和一些杂交犬，例如拉布拉多贵宾狗，
Relinquish to shelters, when these popular and beautiful dogs are bought on impulse
都被遗弃到收容中心，因为这些漂亮且受欢迎的狗都是主人在一时冲动的情形下购买的，
by owners who are then unable to meet their extensive physical and
但是后来他们都无法满足
psychological needs. 这些狗的生理和心理需求。
For example, poodle crosses have become incredibly popular over recent years.
例如，在近几年，贵宾杂交犬变得异常流行，
And if we consider the fluffy coats and gentle temperaments of poodles,
如果是考虑到贵宾犬毛茸茸的被毛和温和的脾气，
we can see why cross breeds from poodles are so popular.
我们能明白为什么贵宾杂交犬这么受人欢迎。
But we also know that because poodles are traditionally a cold water
但是我们也知道，贵宾犬原本是在寒冷的水中寻回猎物的犬种，
retrieving breed, and therefore a working dog.
因此他是一种工作犬。
They also have very significant physical and mental stimulation requirements.
他们也需要有很多身体和精神方面的刺激物。
And these needs can be challenging to meet in the modern home.
在现代家庭里，要满足这些需求绝非易事。
Many misconceptions about breeds also occur.
人们有很多关于犬种的错误认识。
For example, bull breeds such as pit bulls,
例如，斗牛犬类的品种，像比特犬，
are often portrayed in the media as highly aggressive.
经常被媒体描述为极度有攻击性的狗。
But the reality is these breeds, which originated from crossing bulldogs with
但是事实上，这些品种，原本都是从斗牛犬和梗类犬杂交而来，
terriers, were originally bred for bull and bear baiting.
这些狗最初都是繁殖出来斗牛和斗熊的。
Sports which require stamina, strength, and tenacity.
斗牛斗熊这些运动需要有耐力、强壮和有韧性的狗。
Their position in many countries as banned breeds
在许多国家，这些狗是禁养的品种，
doesn't actually relate to their capacity for aggression, but
这并不是因为他们的攻击能力，
actually simply to the fact their bite power is higher than many other breeds.
而是简单地因为他们的咬伤力比很多其他的犬种要高得多。
A necessary feature of a breed traditionally used to pin down bears and
这种强咬伤力的品种，是历史上用来牵制熊和野猪的狗。
boars.
In fact, research has shown that bull breed types of dogs are actually
实际上，研究已经表明，
often under represented in bite statistics.
在咬伤的统计数据中，斗牛犬类并不具有代表性。
And that breeds such as the dachshund or chihuahua
像腊肠犬或者吉娃娃这样的品种，
may actually be more likely to display inappropriately aggressive behavior.
实际上更可能表现出不当的攻击行为。
Overwhelmingly, research indicates that it is not
绝大多数的研究显示，
the breed of the dog which influences the likelihood of it biting a person.
影响狗是否可能咬人的并不是他们的品种，
But often other factors such as temperament, appropriate socialization,
而是其他的因素，例如脾性、合适的社会化、
active supervision of children when they interact with dogs, and
当孩子和狗互动时，有大人在积极进行指导，
appropriate dog human interactions such as training.
以及人与狗的合理互动，例如训练过程。
A dogs breed may also influence it's behavior in other ways.
狗的品种也可能在其他方面影响狗的行为。
For example, when border collie's see things ahead of them that are of interest,
例如，当边境牧羊犬看见前面有令他们感兴趣的东西时，
they will often tense their muscles and stalk towards those things.
他们经常会绷紧肌肉，偷偷接近这些东西。
This may appear to other dogs to be potentially a sign of an aggression.
对于其他的狗来说，这可能被认为是一种攻击性的表现。
But this stalking behavior is just actually a very normal
但对于边境牧羊犬来说，这种潜行追踪的行为其实十分正常，
behavior from the collie that we have selectively bred for.
因为这正是牧羊犬被选育出来的行为。
Similarly, breeds like Labradors and 类似的，像拉布拉多和寻回犬这样的品种，
Retrievers can often be very boisterous when they play.
当他们在玩耍时，经常都会非常闹腾。
And other breeds of dog may find this type of behavior a little bit overwhelming and
其他品种的狗可能会觉得这样的行为有一点让他们不知所措，
sometimes even threatening. 有的时候甚至是感觉带有威胁性的。
Terriers or herding breeds such as Corgis may sometimes be a little bit nippy.
对于梗犬或者牧羊犬品种，例如柯基犬，有时会有一点爱咬东西。
And this relates to their breeding for jobs such as rat catchers and also herding
这和他们的品种相关，因为他们是被选育出来捉老鼠和牧牛的，
cattle, where they may nip at the ankles of cattle in order to hurry them along.
为了驱赶牛，他们就会去咬牛的脚。
Different breeds of dogs may also respond differently in different situations.
不同的犬种面对不同的情形也会有不同的反应。
For example, when training a dog to recall, breeds such as retrievers,
例如，当训练一只狗跑回来的时候，像寻回犬这样的品种，
who have an innate capacity to want to come back
他们的内在本能就是想要跑回呼唤他们的人，
to the person that is calling them, because they have been bred for
因为这些品种已经过了很多代的选育，
many generations to retrieve and return, may be more easily trained at the recall.
就是为了寻物和返回，所以训练他们跑回来可能更容易。
Then other breeds such as sight hounds, for example, which are chasing breeds and
其他的一些品种，例如视觉型猎犬，
for many generations to run away from people and towards a prey item.
他们则是经过很多代的选育，从人身边跑开，去追逐猎物。
Moving away from pedigrees, we also need to think about mongrels and
抛开纯种犬不谈，
cross breed dogs. 我们也需要考虑杂种犬。
Characteristics for these types of dogs cannot be easily predicted.
这些狗的特质是很难预测的。
For example, again if we look at the popular labradoodle,
例如，我们再回来看看拉布拉多贵宾犬，
they're often considered to be a hypoallergenic breed.
他们经常被认为是低致敏性的品种。
But this is actually often not the case. 但事实上，通常并不是这样。
If the labradoodle inherits the poodle's coat, which doesn't shed,
如果拉布拉多贵宾犬继承了贵宾犬的外表，他们就不会脱毛，
then they may be suitable for people who are allergic to dog hair.
那么他们可能就适合那些对狗毛过敏的主人。
But if they inherit the labrador's shedding coat, this won't be the case.
但是，如果他们继承的是拉布拉多的脱毛特性，那么情况就不一样了。
Additionally, many people are actually allergic to the dander or
除此之外，实际上很多人对狗的皮屑，
shed skin cells from dogs. 或者是狗脱落的皮肤细胞过敏。
So allergies may still be a problem regardless of whether
因此，无论拉布拉多贵宾犬继承的是贵宾犬还是拉布拉多的皮毛，
the Labradoodle inherits the poodle coat or the Labrador coat.
都可能出现过敏的问题。
We also often assume that crossbred dogs may be healthier and display hybrid vigor.
我们也经常会假定，杂交狗可能会更健康以及表现出杂种优势。
Again, while this may be the case for some, some crossbreeds,
同样，有的杂交犬可能是这样的，
typically those bred from two pedigree breeds may
但是，一些通常由两种纯种犬杂交而来的品种，
also be susceptible to the health problems that are common in their pedigree parents.
也很容易出现那些纯种犬亲本身上存有的健康问题。
It's really important to remember that when choosing your dog,
当你在选择狗的时候，非常重要的一点是要记得，
it's breed may influence some aspects of its behavior and also its health. So
狗的品种可能会影响他的一些行为，同样也会影响他的健康。
it's important that dogs are sourced either from a reputable rescue center, or
因此，这一点是非常重要的，不论你的狗是来自于正规的收容机构，
from a registered breeder who has done the necessary health checks.
还是从登记注册的繁殖商那里买来的，即使他们已给狗做过必要的健康体检。
Regardless of this, and whichever breed you decide to go with, socialization and
不光如此，无论你决定买什么品种，
training is an essential component of responsible pet ownership, and
社会化和训练都是负责任的宠物主人必须承担的职责，
has been shown to improve all aspects of pet dog behavior.
这些方法都已被证明会改善狗的行为。
