这是一个全球化、信息化、快餐化的时代；全球化拷问着人们的文化根基，信息化拷问着人们的价值信仰，快餐化拷问着人们的经典阅读。 民族的就是世界的。为继承弘扬中华文化传统，我们特意打造这门课，希冀提供一个阅读哲学经典、传承中国文化、铸造民族精神的平台，让中国文化走向世界、走向未来。 本课分十个专题，分别介绍《周易》、孔子《论语》、老子《道德经》，《大学》与《中庸》，《庄子》，《孙子兵法》，《墨经》，《心经》，以及朱熹理学、王阳明《传习录》等著作和人物的思想。既有对儒释道经典的介绍，也有对理学、心学思想的阐释，以期以一种更广阔的视角看待中国传统哲学，让学生能够对中国传统哲学有一种全方位的认识。 课程大纲 第一章 《周易》导读 第二章 《道德经》导读 第三章 《论语》导读 第四章 《大学》《中庸》导读 第五章 《孙子兵法》导读 第六章 《墨经》导读 第七章 《心经》导读 第八章 《庄子》导读 第九章 朱熹理学相关著作导读 第十章 《传习录》导读
伐谋、伐交思想的实际应用
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来自 Xi'an Jiaotong University 的课程
中国哲学经典著作导读
225 个评分
从本节课中
《孙子兵法》导读
将要导读的著作，对于爱好军事的同学是一个好消息，但是如果你认为它仅仅是一本军事著作，那显然你是OUT了。它缜密的军事、哲学思想体系，深远的哲理、变化无穷的战略战术，在现代远远不局限于一本军事著作的范畴，而是被广泛运用于政治斗争、商业竞争等各个领域。它就是《孙子兵法》。
在这一课程中，邓妙子老师的《孙子兵法》导读包括四个部分的内容：孙子其人其书，用间篇，谋攻篇和军势篇。本周课程需要同学们完成15道单元测试题和1道课堂讨论题。
与讲师见面
燕 连福教授
西安交通大学人文学院
韩 鹏杰教授
西安交通大学人文学院
龚 建平教授
西安交通大学人文学院
张 帆教授
西安交通大学人文学院
妥 建清教授
西安交通大学人文学院
李 重副教授
邓 妙子讲师
西安交通大学人文学院
雒 自新讲师
西安交通大学人文学院
The second question is
how to
achieve such an optimal objective.
Sun Tzu sorted out all methods
based on their advantages and disadvantages.
That is, a measurement for the objective.
It is ranked based on their advantages and disadvantages.
He made the following distinction between these four levels.
This classic section is also very familiar to us.
It is
the highest strategy is by stratagem, the next best is by diplomacy,
the next in order is attacking the enemy's army in the field, and the worst is besieging a walled city.
The strategy of besieging a city is acted against one’s will.
That’s to say, the best
method of achieving this objective is
by stratagem first,
here “mou” means stratagem
then is by diplomacy
Here “jiao” means diplomacy,
and “fabing” here means attacking the enemy in the field.
because the city wall is solidly built,
besieging a walled city will naturally result in great loss.
It would be extremely costly.
Sun Tzu thought it was the worst strategy, and was acted against one’s will
Using massive forces as the backup, winning by stratagem and diplomacy
Can the strategies help us achieve the optimal goal of
breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting?
For example,
with the upgrading of China's international economic status
our great power consciousness and great country status
is upgrading.
But the upgrading
makes some of the previous hegemony countries in the world
get upset.
So they begin to make troubles
to prevent our country from developing.
For example, in our country, the troubles are
the issues of independence of
Taiwan and Tibet,
and the separation of nationalities in Xinjiang .
Behind all these issues exists American’s
intervention.
Why does America interpose in these issues
undermining our relatively stable domestic political situation?
Actually America adopts the strategy of winning by stratagem ,
making
our country politically divided,
so as to impede our rapid development.
So if winning by stratagem and diplomacy
is correctly adopted,
to a country achieving the objective of complete victory,
it is actually a very clever strategy.
This is winning by stratagem and diplomacy
After making the distinction of the four levels,
as to sheer attacking the enemy in the field,
Sun Tzu, based on the military strengths of both sides,
made another detailed distinction.
And we can see from the distinction,
in order to break the enemy's resistance without fighting
and achieve the optimal objective of complete victory,
both of the strategies can be adopted.
The strategy of attacking the enemy in the field can also be adopted.
But on what occasion can it be adopted?
Let’s look into his further explanation.
If our forces are ten to the enemy’s, to surround them, if five to one, to attack them
If twice as numerous, to divide our army into two，if equally matched, we can offer battle
If slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy, if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from them
“If our forces are ten to the enemy’s, to surround them” means that
If my forces are ten times to the enemy’s,
when I besiege the city, I will closely surround it .
With such preponderant forces
and the enemy can’t get any reinforcements,
the enemy will lack food and water after being surrounded for a long time,
hence the enemy will soon surrender
without being attacked.
So if you are absolutely advantageous in military strength,
ten times Sun Tzu thought
greater than the enemy,
we can achieve the ideal objective of breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting
and capturing the whole city.
This is Sun Tsu’s detailed distinction of stratagems.
As to the following distinctions,
let’s briefly talk about the implication.
“if five to one, to attack him”,
it means if my forces are five times to the enemy’s,
I will surround them, but not closely
so as to make the enemy surrender completely.
And we can attack, or besiege the city.
With five times to the enemy’s, we can be ever-victorious.
if twice as numerous，
it would be better to attack the enemy's army in the field rather than besiege the city.
the fourth level is if we are equal in strength, we can divide the enemy.
If we are equal in strength,
here, “xiangruo” means fairly equal,
then we should try to divide the enemy
so as to make the enemy be divided into ten parts, but our strength remain undivided
and create a situation of using more people to fight in local battlefield .
If we are equal in strength, we can divide the enemy. This idea is related to a
very important aspect of Sun Tzu’ thought on using the strong points to defeat the weak points.
simply means “using the many to defeat the few”
This point is reflected in our patriotic movies,
from which we can see
many of the tactics used by our army
reflect this idea, thus,
using the many to defeat the few and using the strong points to defeat the weak points.
when both sides are equal in strength,
and if the enemy can be divided
an absolute situation of using the many to defeat the few and using the strong points to defeat the weak points
can still be created in local battlefield.
This is the fourth level.
On fifth level, Sun Tsu said that
if inferior in numbers, we can defend.
If we are inferior in numbers
then we should
if we are not absolutely advantageous ,
rely on the solidly-built city- wall
and steep terrain to defend rather than attack.
The last is if quite unequal, we can flee from the enemy.
quite unequal here means that we are in a disadvantageous situation
If we are in a disadvantageous situation, we should try to
avoid them in order to stage a comeback.
This is Sun Tsu’s specific interpretations of
attacking the enemy army in the field on the third level.
This is the main idea of Attacking by Stratagem.
Here we should first emphasize that
as to attacking by Stratagem, he stressed
you should have a sufficient ambition.
This is on the strategic level,
but on the tactical level
Sun Tzu dialectically changed his view.
For example, in the fourth piece of wring.
namely, Tactical Disposition,
At the very beginning of this piece of writing, Sun Tzu said that
skillful fighters must be good defenders first
Being good at defending is stressed on the strategic level.
you must be good at defending firstly.
Defending , remaining invincible,
and then planning to strive for
the victory on tactical level.
So we must distinguish attacking from defending.
According to Sun Tsu
there is a difference between strategic level and tactical level.
Let’s call it a day.
