Especially, this issue of permanent contract is very linked to the idea of what kind of product universities producing right now, and how it is changed. And that's why I would like to present one of my view, of how the universities are evolving right now. This point of view is quite critical, it means that in my opinion, in this transformation, we can find a lot of criticism. But, I can observe such tendency. What is the old model of the education? The old model of the education is based on the idea, over the production of a very standardized product. Curricular with quite stable and unchanging set of disciplines. And especially, organizational forms of education. Lectures, such seminar, et cetera, et cetera. And main aim of the curricular was to maintain the creation and reproduction of scientific knowledge, which should be quite stable and conservative. So, it means that university curricular was very conservative. It was based on the idea of their knowledge, which has been already generated. And scientific knowledge, which could be generated from these knowledge, which is existing right now. So, main called us over their curricular was academic leaders, chairs of catedra, so-called catedra. So, recognized in particular scientific field. It could be very comparable with the system or the classic Hollywood. Old university system, it's a classic Hollywood system. It's the system of the 1930s, where we have a deal with a standard unit cost of each product. Each film during the classic Hollywood time was, quite similar cost. Because you have a deal with quite standardized screenwriters, you have a deal with quite the same actors playing for this particular company, remunerated under the cell remodel, et cetera. So, you have a quite high competition for entrance. You have the system of vertically integrated production, all process are inside the corporation. All process are inside the particular major. So, particular major has his own screenwriters, his own actors, his own producers, his own theatrical chains, and everything is working like these. So, an ancillary system attaching particular academic to particular institutions, or particular actors to particular majors in Hollywood industry. What we can observe right now, and how we can interpret the changes inside this system? I think that actually, academia have a particular challenges, which are pushing this old model to a kind of evolution, some changes, which of course could be and probably should be criticized. But, such challenges are more or less subjective, we know them. It's there, first of all the mass enrollment. The number of people which would like to obtain the higher education, is growing constantly in the world. Second, is the problem over their project-oriented skills, education, and especially, the industry demand universities to be more oriented to the practice, to the project, et cetera. Finally, it's the individually learning trajectory. So it means that, university also should respond to these shift, because we have deal with the people working in a very particular working places. Working places which should combine, sometimes, very particular skills. Sometimes, skills from different fields. Which means that, we should provide as academia, the choice to the students, to have to change a little bit their trajectories. And finally, its soft skills. The ideology of soft skills. The idea that skills which the people obtain, could and should be used, in a lot of other workplaces. Could be used in different forms of activities. Of course, from this point of view, education is moving to the, what we call, the model of blockbuster. Blockbuster, it means their particular unique product. Unique product with non-standard cost per unit. Because, if you're making a particular program or curricular in engineering, you will never do it similarly than you will do this in Mathematics. It's absolutely different fields. You can do the program in engineering similarly than you're doing the program in Philology, I don't know. So, it means that, you should orient on very different mass segmented markets. And which drives the universities that differentiation. And in developed countries, we have a very high difference between the university grades, university rankings. So it means that each curriculum, it's not something very conservative. It's started to be regarded as a project which has his separate time slot, time period. And of course, it's increasing the extra institutional mobility because, to create such programs, you should constantly invite people from other realm, including people from other universities. So you should, sometimes, improve these inter institutional coordination. And of course, it drives the question on the flexibility of the academic contracts. And another final phenomena we can observe, it's the phenomenon of what we call the new managerialism inside the academia. The idea that the academia becomes so complicated, that the poorly academic people have no sufficient skills to manage it. That's why, we can observe the professionalization of the management of the university, when the professional managers coming from another fields are starting to penetrate the university. So, it's not anymore the figure of the classic professor, who is a professor and at the same time the administrator, or manager, inside the university. But the idea that, a particular professional manager, not professor, who is, governing particular activities inside the university.
