Human Self-Domestication, Part 2

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来自 Duke University 的课程

狗的情感与认知

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Duke University

狗的情感与认知

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Dog Emotion and Cognition will introduce you to the exciting new study of dog psychology, what the latest discoveries tell us about how dogs think and feel about us, and how we can use this new knowledge to further strengthen our relationship with our best friends.

从本节课中

Evolutionary Accidents and Survival of the Friendliest

In this module, Dr. Hare explores three of his research studies he's done with foxes, New Guinea Singing Dogs, as well as research on wolves. He describes how early dog-wolves may actually be a product of natural selection rather than artificial selection, contrary to popular belief. He introduces a hypothesis called Survival of the Friendliest, which may explain how dogs, bonobos, and modern species evolved in contrast to close relatives, such as wolves and chimpanzees. Last, he relates the high level of social tolerance of these species to human by looking at human self-domestication.

Ape Self- Domestication, Part 17:41

Ape Self-Domestication, Part 27:42

Human Self-Domestication, Part 14:38

Human Self-Domestication, Part 25:59

与讲师见面

Brian Hare
Associate Professor
Evolutionary Anthropology

So is it possible then,

to think about a big change that must have occurred during human evolution?

Because as we transitioned, from hunting and

gathering to being agriculturists about 12,000 years ago.

About the time we become more sedentary.

About the time that wolves started to approach us and

scavenge off the refuse we were producing and we start our relationship with dogs.

We see a change where there's a reduction in cranial capacity

that is seen throughout all different domesticated animals.

And also we see some really important behavioral changes that would allow for

a level or cooperation, a level of tolerance that you wouldn't see,

that we don't see any other time and, you know, allow for

agriculture to essentially happen.

People had to become incredibly tolerant of one another to allow the sedentary

lifestyle and the high-density living that is produced as a result of agriculture.

So, is it that we can see if it's true that there's a biological basis for this.

Could we see any evidence for domestication in our own species,

in a similar way that we've seen in other species.

Is there evidence for convergent evolution?

Well, together with colleagues at Duke, Bob Cerri and Steve Churchill and

Qin Xi Qan, we conducted a study where we looked at humans who were still

living as hunter-gatherers before this transition to agriculture and

then we looked at humans afterwards.

And we looked at the facial features of those humans to look at how

masculine faces were and we also looked at the brow ridge.

That's this area above your eyes where you can see dense bone,

particularly in the photo here where the brow is actually quite big.

And we measured the brows and we measured the facial features of

people who were hunter-gatherers before agriculture and then we measured

people who were hunter-gatherers during this transitional period, and

then people who were fully agriculturalists.

And the prediction is if people have been selected to be more tolerant

that allow for agriculture.

There really was an advantage to being essentially more peaceful,

being interested in interacting and living in these high density situations,

that you should see a change in the morphology of people before

history that would reflect this selection or this advantage of being more friendly.

And the reason we got interested in looking at the face and

the facial features, of course, is because that's where we see a big change,

not only in foxes but in other animals as well.

And since we see this to a reduction in cranial capacity we couldn't help but

go look and see if we saw evidence in humans.

The physiological reason we thought this might be interesting is we know that,

during puberty, the brow ridge and

the facial features in human is a secondary feature of puberty.

And the level of testosterone that your body is producing or

at the least the level of testosterone your body reacts to is related to

these features or secondary sexual traits that result during puberty.

So this on the left, is a human who was still living as

a hunter gatherer in a period when people were still living at low density.

And of course on the right is a more modern skull and

you'll see that there was a reason we went and measured the brow ridges on the faces.

Because you can just see with these two examples where there's a really big

brow ridge from humans living before agriculture and those living after.

And here's the data and essentially what we found was exactly what we had

thought we might which was the earlier humans had much more

feminization in their brow ridge and they had a much more masculine face and

that's represented by the skull in that top left corner.

And then when you get to recent humans, recent agriculturists, and

more recent foragers,

then you see these more feminized traits where the brow ridge goes away.

For sure that's where you see the big effect, and

even you see changes in these facial features.

So this suggested to us that partly what may have happened during

human evolution is when you had selection for tolerance, for interest in others.

You had a shift in the secondary sexual traits,

in the facial features as as a result of changes in circulating testosterone or

maybe testosterone reactivity.

And this is consistent with the idea that as we became more tolerant and

more interested in each other socially there was a change that is similar

to what you have seen in other species that have been self domesticated.

So, natural selection has affected us in a way that is analogous to what we've

seen in the foxes, in dogs, and now even Bonobos.

So to summarize, work with great apes has shown that high tolerance levels

is required for even the most basic forms of cooperation.

Unique forms of human cooperation could not have evolved without increases in

tolerance.

Much like foxes and dogs, our early human ancestors may have been under selection to

be more tolerant and less aggressive.

And like bonobos, humans may be, in a way, self-domesticated, and as predicted by

the human self-domestication hypothesis, later populations of human show

morphological changes in face structures associated with lower testosterone levels.

In summary what's exciting about finding about dog domestication is that

it may have a lot to offer in explaining human self domestication as well

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