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Theory of Mind, Part 3

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狗的情感与认知

4.6（2,321 个评分） | 120K 名学生已注册

Dog Emotion and Cognition will introduce you to the exciting new study of dog psychology, what the latest discoveries tell us about how dogs think and feel about us, and how we can use this new knowledge to further strengthen our relationship with our best friends.

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您将学习的技能

Cognitive Science, Evolution, Animal Behavior, Dog

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4.6（2,321 个评分）

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EE

Jun 21, 2018

This was a great introductory course for dog evolution and cognition. I hope there will someday be a part two to this - presenting more insights into dog cognition as more research is done.

OR

Jul 01, 2016

This course was engaging and informative. Dr. Hare picked a great line of work, as he kind of reminds me of a friendly puppy himself. I look forward to more research from these experiments!

从本节课中

How Biology Studies Cognitive Evolution

In this module, Dr. Hare describes how the internal processes of the mind are studied through experiments. He explains how animal problem solving is best explained as scientists work toward better understanding the topic. Next, he describes the ecological approach to cognition through an evolutionary lens, which involves Tinbergen's four levels of analysis.

Theory of Mind, Part 14:32

Theory of Mind, Part 25:43

Theory of Mind, Part 35:41

教学方

Brian Hare
Associate Professor

脚本

So one of the ways that people

realize that this was really important and have studied this is by looking how

children develop the ability to use social cues.

So very simple games have been used with children where an adult will gaze of one

or two locations, and the child's trying to find a toy.

And at about 14 months of age, children begin to be able to use gaze direction or

the angle that you're looking to guess where a toy might be hidden.

At the same time, they also start to use gestures,

like this pointing gesture, for the same purpose.

They can understand you are trying to tell them where something is in

the environment, and they start to understand

that you may have seen something that they hadn't seen before.

And using social cues is an indicator that they are doing

this very interesting calculation about what others are thinking.

The reason this is so important, of course, is because we think that

the ability to think about the thoughts of others is what allows for

humans to imitate one another.

It's what allows humans to intentionally deceive one another,

it also allows us to have empathy for one another, to actually

feel the feelings of someone else, and it's also crucial for collaboration.

And of course, everything that's human follows from these abilities,

whether it's culture, language, politics, or institutions.

Without imitation, deception, empathy, collaboration, which totally relies on

Theory of Mind, you couldn't have all the things that we think of as being human.

So people think it's kind of a big deal whether or

not Theory of Mind is really unique to our species.

We know that it develops, and we know how it develops, but

is it really just something about our species or not?

So to answer that question, we took a phylogenetic approach.

We looked at our close relatives, and

we did the same types of games that other researchers have done with children.

And we simply hid something in one of two locations, and

then we just try to tell the animal, in this case Fifi the chimpanzee,

we try to tell Fifi where the grape is.

You can see on the middle of the table there, there's a little red object,

that's a grape.

It's a big deal to Fifi just like the peanuts were to Yoyo, and

she wants to find them.

We're gonna hide that in one of two locations, and

then I'm just gonna tell her where it is.

And the question is, can she find it?

So I'm hiding it in one of two places.

It's in the cup on the left.

And now, I'm going to use that block to tell her it's over there, and you see,

she, oops, makes the wrong choice.

Oh, scratches her head.

Not happy.

All right, so you might not know that that block the first time you see it is a cue,

or a social cue or a gesture, trying to help you find something.

But if I did that repeatedly, two or three or ten times,

you would very quickly realize that I'm trying to communicate with you.

That my intention is to help you, my goal is to help you find the food.

But, the amazing thing was, when we played these types of cooperative communicative

games with our close relatives, chimpanzees and even bonobos, they do not

solve these problems without lots and lots and lots and lots of practice.

I spent weeks of my life trying to tell chimpanzees and bonobos where hidden food

is, using lots of different gestures and social cues, and it's really hard.

Once they finally learn to use one, if you switch to a new gesture,

something like this block that they've never seen before,

they completely fall back to chance, and they choose 50/50.

They're just guessing, they don't know that I'm trying to help them.

And so one of the interpretations of this is that really humans and

human infants have a unique and special ability that evolved during our

species evolution that allows us to solve all sorts of problems.

When we directly compared the development of a set of infant chimpanzees and

in a set of infant bonobos on a wide range of cognitive games,

what we found was that while chimpanzees and bonobos develop in a very similar

way when it comes to solving physical problems, using tools,

remembering where things were hidden, all three species look really the same.

But when you look at social problems like the ones I just showed you where you hide

food and try to communicate where it is, that's where human infants really develop

extremely quickly relative to other apes in our family.

So that's what got people excited about the idea that Theory of Mind really is

something different about our species, and it may even be completely unique.

So Theory of Mind, to wrap up,

Darwin recognized that human cognition was a major challenge for evolutionary theory.

The ecological approach suggests that social problems

drove the evolution of both primate and human cognition.

Theory of Mind allows for flexible prediction

of behavior by assessing the perceptions, intentions, and knowledge of others.

Humans have early emerging social cognition and

understanding of communicative intentions when compared to other apes, and

that may be what makes us unique.

And so then overall, that's why Theory of Mind has been thought of to be so

important.

But that's going to lead us to some interesting discoveries about our best

friend and open the door to finding out why dogs are so remarkable.

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