[MUSIC] Let's move now to the global level. Let's consider the world as it wrestle's from this manipulation, this stronger and stronger political manipulation of identities. What is the impact of these identity manipulations on the global order? How can we consider the world now in this atmosphere of emergence and development of the identify factor? The identity factor as structuring the new world order. The problem is that conceding an important role, an important political role to identity, is probably a source of a new unstable order. I will try to point five figures of this new order, new when it is strongly affected and structured by these identity strategies. First, we can consider this identity strategy as an instrument of a political strategy. And then we have to consider three kinds of figure. The first one will be using identity for governing. That's to say, for strengthening a government order which seems to be weak or unable to reach its own goals. For instance, when Rwanda's president Habyarimana tried to mobilize the Hutus against the Tutsis, the idea was to use the Tutsis as a scapegoat able to mobilize Hutus around himself, and to strengthen a weakened power. This was, as you know, the starting point of this terrible genocide, which took place in 1994 in Rwanda. This genocide, which probably made something like 800,000 or even 1 million people dead, was caused by a manipulation of identities in order to strengthen a political order which was weakened by the lack of legitimacy of President Habyarimana. It's exactly the same now in Syria where the present president, Bashar al-Assad, tries to mobilize minorities. Minorities but also Christian minorities for trying to tackle support in the present Syrian Civil War. That's why it is very common, but also very dangerous, and often a very blood strategy for reinforcing political order, which is not able to work and to work correctly. The second political use of identities to be found in protests. Organizing protests inside authoritarian system. Inside the authoritarian systems, identity, and especially religious identities, is the best way for expressing a different vision or a different voice against the power which is settled and which is contested. The Iranian Revolution was mobilizing religion and religious identity for fighting against the Shah regime, which didn't tolerate any kind of political opposition.. Identity has to be used and manipulated as a substitute of lack of particular opposition. The third one will be to use also the identity for fighting against a deficient political and institutional order, in which identity is conceived as a possible substitute to a social contract, which would be contested inside the society. This is a very common manifestation, a very common construction of identity in the present world order. The second one will be, to to try to territorialize identity. Territorializing identity is one of the main strategies which are used for questioning the political geography and the political organization of the international arena. But this territorialization should be, for being successful, an enforced territorialization. That's to say, it implies ethnic cleansing and even more genocide, as it was the case for instance during the Yugoslavian War. But as also the case in many other part of the world in which grouping individuals, identifying them so to the same group, would imply to retract all the other while coexisting with them. And this is the problem of. It's also the problem in Kurdistan. If Kurdish people wants to build up a Kurdish state it has to clean up the territory, and to reject a population who are not Kurds inside the Kurdis supposed territory. The third expression of this identity manipulation will be found in something, which is a grave danger which is jeopardizing our international order, that's to say, ghettoization. It's the contrary of territorialization. Ghettoization means to confine a group, an identity group, which is rejected in a territory in which it is shut up. That was the case of the black majority in South Africa during the apartheid period. But it's also the case of Palestinian people now which are enforced to settle in kinds of a ghetto, in sides inside central or in Gaza. That's to say without any chance of contact with foreign country, and with all the people. This ghettoization is also one of the characteristics of the Dayton Agreement in 1995 when the Dayton Agreement tries to reshape Bosnia according to identity similarities. And it was resulting in a very complex and sophisticated map, in which the chance of communication and of coexistence was very low. We have to take care of this trend, which is jeopardizing the spirit of the world order. That's to say, if every identity is [INAUDIBLE] in a what does the international coexistence and international order would mean? And we can easily imagine how these are producing violence. A feeling of revenge and many kinds of strong and negative reactions are coming from the frustrations of the concerned people. The fourth figure of this ethnicization of the world would be the growing influence of new ideologies. Ideologies which are noble based on political vision, on a political project of building up a new city. But ideologies which are deriving, which are coming from the apology of an identity and willing to build this identity as a finality of the particle action. This is true for instance of this new radicalism that we can find in Judaism, but also in Islam, but also in Christianism. Which are a kind of apology of this identity without taking really into account the global order of the world and the product of creating a new politics. But there is also another derivation, which is concerning now, populism. Populism is this kind of ideology, which is widely coming from identity and manipulating identity without being concerned by the main trends of the new political issues and the new political goals. We can commonly find this kind of populism in many countries which are really impacted by the identity issues. I mentioned, for instance, many countries in Central Europe. And especially, for instance, the evolution of Hungary in the present context. And finally, the fifth figure of this ethnicization of the world is conflictrilization of identities. It's something like a backlash of the Samuel Huntington phases. When Samuel Huntington considered that there was an essence of antagonism in each civilization, it is exactly the contrary that we can observe. That's to say, the more we use identity as a positive political instrument, the more identities are evoluting to conflict or project, and to very risky and dangerous competition. And now, more and more the present world today is made of this competition of identities, and so is conflictualizing the identity rivalry and the identity competition. So, these are the five main features of these ethnicization of the world. You can observe that this ethnicization of the world at each level is really jeopardizing the international order. That's to say, threatening peace, threatening respect, tolerance, existence. And that's why the main challenge of the present world order is to contain the political instrumentalization of identity in order to contain the race of making it so dangerous. [MUSIC]
