[MUSIC] First of all, we have to take into account that the world seems to be going better. Maybe you will be surprised by this first conclusion as my lectures were rather pessimistic. But, however, there are many positive trends, which is the evidence that the world is able to find solutions when meeting the difficulties and the problems that were observed. First of all, and this is probably the main positive elements, the number of people who are victims of starvation is not increasing. It is still below the billion of people. While the global amount of the world population Is growing, that is something like a mystery, but during all the 20th century, the number of people victim of starvation is stable while the global number of the world population is growing. There is also a trend in communication, in world communication. Global communication is more and more working. That's to say, people are more and more involved into global networks. People are more visible and this increasing growing capacity of communication Is probably the main factor of democratization. Democracy is working. Democracy is progressing. If you take into account, for instance, Latin America, all the countries in Latin America are now democracies, while 30 years ago they were still for the major part dictatorships. We have also a growing political mobilization of people. Recently we could observe these mobilization in Burkina Faso, but Arab Spring is also showing that people don't accept dictatorship, don't accept to be under the rule of dictators. Arab Spring is the evidence that people will mobilize for keeping, protecting the dignity for resisting against humiliation. So, ladies and gentlemen, our new millennium is starting on good basis. But, however, the problems are still so high, so important, that there is a global threat on the world order. Even if some aspect have improved, those aspects of the international system, of the global order, which are not working well are so important that we are still under global and dangerous threat. First of all, the gap between poor and rich is growing. Even if the poor are less poor than previously, the richest are richer, more richer than previously. And this growing gap between rich and poor is probably the main challenge we have to meet in a communicating world, in a visible world, that's to say this gap is more visible now that it was previously. Keep in mind for instance that in average, a Qatari is 200 times richer than the Central Africa citizen. And I say in average, I don't take into account the richest people in Qatar and the poorest people in Republic of Central Africa. We have also to take into account the fact that the millennium development goals adopted by the UN at the beginning of our century have not been reached. The main challenge was to divide by two the number of people victims of starvation. In 2015, the number of people victims of starvation should have been reduced to 500 million. We are very far from this goal. What about the future of young people in this world? And especially of young African, who are more and more numerous, but however who have, who meet more and more difficulties for finding a job. What about these young peoples in 10 or 20 years? Climate is in a very bad and dangerous condition and when the climate change is worsening the global situation of people, we observe that this factor is triggering more and more wars. Sudan, Mali, Central African Republic, Somalia are clearly connected to this factor, and what is currently done for improving the situation. When we know that the political actor has no interest to invest, by now, in changing the situation, as this investment will be productive only within 20 or 30 years when other political actors will be in their position. And of course wars are lasting. We have very few wars which have been recently overcome. Peace has not progressed, neither in Africa, nor in Middle East. That's to say, when we take into account, for instance, the Congo Republic War, or the Afghanistan War, or Somalian War, none of them have been solved. And so, we have to refocus, we have to recenter, both analyze this and action. IR must be reinvented. The international arena must be reshaped and we have to work on a new approach to international relations. That is the real meaning of these lectures. How to approach international relations differently, how to reach new solutions and these new solutions imply to define new paths, to define new ways, to reinvent negotiation, that's why. For wrapping up this presentation, I will try to define several access, several ways for action but also for analysis. First of all, we have to consider that social issues in our present world are the major international issues. We are no more in a world of competing military forces, military powers. We are in a world which is dominated, which is shaped by social contrasts and we have to take into account that starvation, health conditions, environment are now the prior issues at stake. Second access, these social issues don't imply any more competition but cooperation and more than cooperation, solidarity. We go back to Emil Durkheim and his sociology. What he said about nations at the end of 19th century is now at stake for solving the problems of the world. Without this minimal distribution, without this minimal social solidarity, there is no possible peace in the world. That was the message during DP, when in 1994, it defined what human security is. That implies it's my third access, to consider social treatment as the main ways of peace-building. That's to say, that military action, military forces, are no more efficient for meeting and solving and containing the new kinds of international violence. Force X, we have to rethink to rebuilt, to reinvent militarism. We are now in a world in which all the issues are global and it's not possible to deal with global issue without a multilateral approach. It's really dreadful to imagine that the ECOSOC, the Economy and Social Council of the United Nations is not working when the major challenge is based on this social discrepancies that I described. Intervention will be efficient if it is perceived as multilateral, as coming from the global international community. Power intervention, intervention by great powers, is no more working, and we have the evidence of this failure when considering Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia. So only a global intervention, multilateral intervention is possible. The fifth point is to create a sense of alterity. Great powers used to consider themselves as the unique players, but this is no more true. This is no more correct. We are in a world in which new powers appear. These famous rising powers, emerging powers, but who are also in a world in which local actors are more and more important and must be associated to solving their own problems. That's why we have to accept a world in which cultures are plural, in which points of view are diverse, in which the partners are not necessarily coming from the same history. Building alterity is probably the main challenge which is at stake and that's why, ladies and gentlemen, global studies must be more human, must be sociological, must be plural, must be transdisciplinary, but, first of all, global studies must be based on humanism. First, because humanity is the center of the world, but also because ignoring humanity and its diversity is now currently probably the main factor of violence. I hope that you enjoyed this meeting, that you enjoyed this MOOC and I hope to see you again soon. [MUSIC]
