Afin d’expliquer comment la mondialisation reconstruit les politiques publiques et les comportements sociaux nous étudions les échanges et interactions entre les acteurs politiques, économiques et sociaux -publics et privés, individuels et collectifs- et la façon dont ils redessinent les relations internationales. Ce cours prend sa source dans les approches sociologique et historique françaises des relations internationales. This course is also available in english version: www.coursera.org/learn/global-studies
Conclusion
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来自 Sciences Po 的课程
Espace mondial, une vision française des global studies
个评分
与讲师见面
Bertrand BadieProfessor
Marie-Françoise DurandProfessor
First of all, we have to take into account
that the world seems to be going better,
maybe you will be surprise
by this first conclusion
as my lectures were rather pessimistic.
But however there are many positive trends
which is the evidence
that the world is able to find solutions
when meeting the difficulties and the problems
that we observe.
First of all, and this is probably
the main positive element,
the number of people who
are victims of starvation is not increasing,
is still below the billion of people
while the global amount
of the world population is growing.
There is something like a mystery but,
during all the 20th century,
the number of people victim of starvation
is stable when global number
of the world population is growing.
There is also a trend in communication,
in world communication, global communication
is more and more working,
that’s to say people are more and more involved
into global networks.
People are more visible, and this increasing,
growing capacity of communication
is probably the main factor of democratization.
Democracy is working,
democracy is progressing.
If you take into account for instance
Latin America,
all the countries in Latin America
are now democracies,
while 30 years ago they were still,
for the major part, dictatorships.
We have also a growing
political mobilization of people,
recently, we could observe
this mobilization in Burkina Faso,
but Arab spring is also showing that
people don’t accept dictatorships,
don’t accept to be under the rule of dictators.
Arab spring is the evidence that people
will mobilize for keeping,
protecting their dignity,
for resisting against humiliation.
So, Ladies and Gentlemen,
our new millennium is starting on good bases,
but, however
the problems are still so high, so important
that there is a global threat on the world order,
even if some aspects have improved.
Those aspects of the international system,
of the global order
which are not working well are so important
that we are still under
a global and dangerous threat.
First of all,
the gap between poor and rich is growing,
even if the poor are less poor than previously,
the rich are richer more richer than previously,
and this growing gap between rich and poor
is probably the main challenge
we have to meet in a communicating world,
on a visible world, that’s to say,
this gap is more visible now
that it was previously.
Keep in mind for instance that in average,
a Qatari is two hundred times richer
than a Centrafrican citizen,
and I say in average,
I don’t take into account
the richest people in Qatar
and the poorest people
in Central African Republic
We have also to take into account the fact
that the millennium development goals
adopted by the UN
at the beginning of our century
have not been reached.
The main challenge was to divide
by two the number of people victim of starvation,
in 2015
the number of people victims of starvation
should have been reduced to 500 million,
we are very far from this goal.
What about the future of young people
in this world and especially of young Africans,
who are more and more numerous
but however who meet
more and more difficulties for finding a job.
What about these young people
in ten or twenty years?
Climate is in a very bad and dangerous condition,
and when the climate change
is worsening the global situation of people,
we observe that this factor
is triggering more and more wars :
Sudan, Mali, Central African Republic, Somalia
are clearly connected to these factors.
And what is currently done
for improving the situation?
When we know that the political actors
have no interest to invest by now
in changing the situation
as these investments will be productive
only within twenty or thirty years,
when other political actors
will be in their position.
And of course wars are lasting,
we have very few wars,
which have been recently overcome,
peace has not progressed,
neither in Africa nor in Middle East,
that’s to say when we take into account
for instance the Congo Republic war
or the Afghanistan war,
or Somalia war,
none of them have been solved.
And so we have to refocus,
we have to recenter both analysis and action,
IR must be reinvented,
the international arena must be reshaped,
and we have to work on a new approach
to international relations.
That is the real meaning of these lectures.
How to approach
international relations differently?
How to reach new solutions?
And these new solutions imply
to define new patterns,
to define new ways,
to reinvent negotiations.
That’s why
for wrapping up this presentation
I will try to define several axes,
several ways for action
but also for analysis.
First of all, we have to consider
that social issues in our present world
are the major international issues.
We are no more in a world
of competing military forces, military powers,
we are in a world, which is dominating,
which is shaped by social contrasts,
and we have to take into account that starvation,
health conditions, environment
are now the prior issues at stake.
Second axis, these social issues
don’t imply any more competition,
but cooperation,
and more than cooperation, solidarity.
We go back to Emile Durkheim and his sociology.
What he said about nations
at the end of the 19th century,
is now at stake for solving
the problems of the world.
Without this minimal redistribution,
without this minimal social solidarity,
there is no possible peace in the world.
That was the message of UNDP when in 1994
it defined what Human security is.
That implies, this is my third axis,
to consider social treatment
as the main way of peace building,
that’s to say that military action,
military forces are no more efficient
for meeting and solving and containing
the new kinds of international violence.
Fourth axis: we have to rethink, to rebuild,
to reinvent, multilateralism.
We are now in a world
in which all the issues are global,
and it’s not possible to deal with global issues
without a multilateral approach.
It isn’t really grateful
to imagine that the ECOSOC,
the Economic and Social Council
of the United Nations is not working,
when the major challenge is based
on these social discrepancies that I described.
Intervention will be efficient
if it is perceived as multilateral,
as coming from the global
international community
power intervention,
intervention by great powers,
is no more working
and we have the evidence of these failures
when considering Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia,
so only a global intervention,
multilateral intervention is possible.
The fifth point is to create a sense of alterity.
Great powers used to consider themselves
as the unique players,
but this is no more true, this is no more correct.
We are in a world in which new powers appear,
these famous rising powers, emerging powers,
but we are also in a world in which local actors
are more and more important
and must be associated
to solving their own problems.
That’s why we have to accept a world
in which cultures are plural,
in which points of view are diverse,
in which the partners are not necessary
coming from the same history.
Building alterity is probably
the main challenge, which is at stake.
And that’s why, Ladies and Gentlemen,
global studies must be more human,
must be sociological, must be plural,
must be transdisciplinary.
But, first of all, global studies
must be based on humanism,
first because humanity
is the center of the world,
but also because ignoring humanity
and its diversity
is ignoring now currently probably
the main factor of violence.
I hope that you enjoyed these meetings,
that you enjoyed this MOOC,
and I hope to see you again soon.
