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Espace mondial, une vision française des global studies 门课程>
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Conclusion

Vers de nouvelles régulations ?

Afin d’expliquer comment la mondialisation reconstruit les politiques publiques et les comportements sociaux nous étudions les échanges et interactions entre les acteurs politiques, économiques et sociaux -publics et privés, individuels et collectifs- et la façon dont ils redessinent les relations internationales. Ce cours prend sa source dans les approches sociologique et historique françaises des relations internationales. This course is also available in english version: www.coursera.org/learn/global-studies

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教学方

Bertrand Badie
Professor
Marie-Françoise Durand
Professor

脚本

First of all, we have to take into account

that the world seems to be going better,

maybe you will be surprise

by this first conclusion

as my lectures were rather pessimistic.

But however there are many positive trends

which is the evidence

that the world is able to find solutions

when meeting the difficulties and the problems

that we observe.

First of all, and this is probably

the main positive element,

the number of people who

are victims of starvation is not increasing,

is still below the billion of people

while the global amount

of the world population is growing.

There is something like a mystery but,

during all the 20th century,

the number of people victim of starvation

is stable when global number

of the world population is growing.

There is also a trend in communication,

in world communication, global communication

is more and more working,

that’s to say people are more and more involved

into global networks.

People are more visible, and this increasing,

growing capacity of communication

is probably the main factor of democratization.

Democracy is working,

democracy is progressing.

If you take into account for instance

Latin America,

all the countries in Latin America

are now democracies,

while 30 years ago they were still,

for the major part, dictatorships.

We have also a growing

political mobilization of people,

recently, we could observe

this mobilization in Burkina Faso,

but Arab spring is also showing that

people don’t accept dictatorships,

don’t accept to be under the rule of dictators.

Arab spring is the evidence that people

will mobilize for keeping,

protecting their dignity,

for resisting against humiliation.

So, Ladies and Gentlemen,

our new millennium is starting on good bases,

but, however

the problems are still so high, so important

that there is a global threat on the world order,

even if some aspects have improved.

Those aspects of the international system,

of the global order

which are not working well are so important

that we are still under

a global and dangerous threat.

First of all,

the gap between poor and rich is growing,

even if the poor are less poor than previously,

the rich are richer more richer than previously,

and this growing gap between rich and poor

is probably the main challenge

we have to meet in a communicating world,

on a visible world, that’s to say,

this gap is more visible now

that it was previously.

Keep in mind for instance that in average,

a Qatari is two hundred times richer

than a Centrafrican citizen,

and I say in average,

I don’t take into account

the richest people in Qatar

and the poorest people

in Central African Republic

We have also to take into account the fact

that the millennium development goals

adopted by the UN

at the beginning of our century

have not been reached.

The main challenge was to divide

by two the number of people victim of starvation,

in 2015

the number of people victims of starvation

should have been reduced to 500 million,

we are very far from this goal.

What about the future of young people

in this world and especially of young Africans,

who are more and more numerous

but however who meet

more and more difficulties for finding a job.

What about these young people

in ten or twenty years?

Climate is in a very bad and dangerous condition,

and when the climate change

is worsening the global situation of people,

we observe that this factor

is triggering more and more wars :

Sudan, Mali, Central African Republic, Somalia

are clearly connected to these factors.

And what is currently done

for improving the situation?

When we know that the political actors

have no interest to invest by now

in changing the situation

as these investments will be productive

only within twenty or thirty years,

when other political actors

will be in their position.

And of course wars are lasting,

we have very few wars,

which have been recently overcome,

peace has not progressed,

neither in Africa nor in Middle East,

that’s to say when we take into account

for instance the Congo Republic war

or the Afghanistan war,

or Somalia war,

none of them have been solved.

And so we have to refocus,

we have to recenter both analysis and action,

IR must be reinvented,

the international arena must be reshaped,

and we have to work on a new approach

to international relations.

That is the real meaning of these lectures.

How to approach

international relations differently?

How to reach new solutions?

And these new solutions imply

to define new patterns,

to define new ways,

to reinvent negotiations.

That’s why

for wrapping up this presentation

I will try to define several axes,

several ways for action

but also for analysis.

First of all, we have to consider

that social issues in our present world

are the major international issues.

We are no more in a world

of competing military forces, military powers,

we are in a world, which is dominating,

which is shaped by social contrasts,

and we have to take into account that starvation,

health conditions, environment

are now the prior issues at stake.

Second axis, these social issues

don’t imply any more competition,

but cooperation,

and more than cooperation, solidarity.

We go back to Emile Durkheim and his sociology.

What he said about nations

at the end of the 19th century,

is now at stake for solving

the problems of the world.

Without this minimal redistribution,

without this minimal social solidarity,

there is no possible peace in the world.

That was the message of UNDP when in 1994

it defined what Human security is.

That implies, this is my third axis,

to consider social treatment

as the main way of peace building,

that’s to say that military action,

military forces are no more efficient

for meeting and solving and containing

the new kinds of international violence.

Fourth axis: we have to rethink, to rebuild,

to reinvent, multilateralism.

We are now in a world

in which all the issues are global,

and it’s not possible to deal with global issues

without a multilateral approach.

It isn’t really grateful

to imagine that the ECOSOC,

the Economic and Social Council

of the United Nations is not working,

when the major challenge is based

on these social discrepancies that I described.

Intervention will be efficient

if it is perceived as multilateral,

as coming from the global

international community

power intervention,

intervention by great powers,

is no more working

and we have the evidence of these failures

when considering Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia,

so only a global intervention,

multilateral intervention is possible.

The fifth point is to create a sense of alterity.

Great powers used to consider themselves

as the unique players,

but this is no more true, this is no more correct.

We are in a world in which new powers appear,

these famous rising powers, emerging powers,

but we are also in a world in which local actors

are more and more important

and must be associated

to solving their own problems.

That’s why we have to accept a world

in which cultures are plural,

in which points of view are diverse,

in which the partners are not necessary

coming from the same history.

Building alterity is probably

the main challenge, which is at stake.

And that’s why, Ladies and Gentlemen,

global studies must be more human,

must be sociological, must be plural,

must be transdisciplinary.

But, first of all, global studies

must be based on humanism,

first because humanity

is the center of the world,

but also because ignoring humanity

and its diversity

is ignoring now currently probably

the main factor of violence.

I hope that you enjoyed these meetings,

that you enjoyed this MOOC,

and I hope to see you again soon.

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