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1.4 Systems Based Approach

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Introduction to Faecal Sludge Management

洛桑联邦理工学院

4.8（245 个评分） | 5K 名学生已注册

Do you want learn how to apply concepts of sustainable faecal sludge management (FSM) on a city-wide scale? This course starts with an overview of what faecal sludge is and an introduces you to the engineering fundamentals and required information for the design and selection of technologies. Sanitation solutions are prone to failure if an integrated planning approach that includes stakeholder involvement and the development of appropriate institutional, management and financial arrangements is not implemented. The course therefore dedicates a complete week to presenting the full picture, in addition to technology, that needs to be considered for sustainable solutions. It concludes with a focus on current research and innovations in technologies, to provide an understanding of the most up-to-date options. This course is one of four in the series “Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development".

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4.8（245 个评分）

5 stars
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SR

Jun 12, 2017

Enjoyed the course. I met Dr. Linda Strande, during the FSM 4 in Chennai and was influenced by her practical approach. Would recommend the course to my friends in the field of FSM

SS

Jan 09, 2019

this course is very useful in WATER SANITATION HYGIENE sector.\n\nit helped me in understanding very new concepts related to FSM.\n\nthank you .coursera and EWAG team.

从本节课中

An introduction to faecal sludge management

This first week of this course includes an overview of what faecal sludge is, and the importance of an integrated approach to faecal sludge management. It provides an introduction to what is currently lacking, weak links in the service chain, and also presents positive examples of what is working.

1.1 Course Overview8:44

1.2 The Global Situation8:41

1.3 Sanitation research in Sub-Saharan Africa12:35

1.4 Systems Based Approach10:39

1.5 What is faecal sludge?8:24

1.6 What is working?11:48

1.7 Wrap-up6:41

教学方

Dr. Linda Strande
Group leader

脚本

Have you ever found yourself in a situation where you realize

you should've planned better?

One of the most important things to realize

about faecal sludge management

is that planning is an essential component

of sustainable solutions.

To ensure the system works requires a complex service chain

that depends on interactions among people at every step.

Including the public, private, and civil society,

the household level user, the collection and transport companies,

operators of treatment plants, and the final end user

of treated sludge.

In this module I will introduce you to concepts of an integrated approach

that this course is based on.

Following this module you will be able to explain

why an integrated approach to city-wide faecal sludge management

requires planning, management, and technology.

Understand how the book Faecal Sludge Management

Systems Based Approach for Implementation and Operation

fits into that framework.

And explain why a sound engineering design approach is required

for the design and selection of treatment technologies.

In the provision of city wide access to sanitation

and sustainable provision of faecal sludge management

there are, unfortunately, many examples of failures.

To help understand the scope of the problem

and think about what not to replicate

here are a few anonymous examples of failures

that are based on real life examples.

First, a city where a treatment plant was designed based on faecal sludge

characteristics that were in published references from other countries.

The result was that because local faecal sludge characteristics

were not considered,

the treatment plant was built twice as large as required.

This represents a waste of financial resources

and potential operations problems as the plant will not operate

as designed.

In another city, the treatment plant was built so far outside of town

that truck drivers could not afford to transport sludge that far.

This is because land for treatment is difficult to find

in dense urban areas.

But the result was that it was never used

and trucks continued to dump sludge directly in the urban environment.

Both of these examples illustrate the importance

of always designing and planning the faecal sludge management solutions

based on the local context.

In another city there was one designated location

for dumping the faecal sludge.

Which was directly onto the beach and in the ocean.

So a high core injunction bended.

However, the injunction had to be lifted and trucks were allowed

back to dump on the beach

because with no other alternative

trucks just had to find other places to empty their tanks all over the city.

In another city there're over 40 legal collection and transport

companies operating,

but there's no legal discharge or treatment location.

So, obviously, the legal businesses have no other alternative

than to illegally dump sludge wherever they can.

Both of these examples illustrate the importance

of institutional frameworks

and the importance of clear roles and responsibilities

for faecal sludge management.

Another example from countless cities

is a pump breaking at a treatment plant.

Resulting in sludge not being pumped out of ponds and tanks

greatly reducing hydraulic retention times

and in general leading to failure and treatment not being achieved.

This illustrates the importance of planning

and having a sound operations and maintenance plan in place.

As design engineers and practitioners

when working on solutions at any step in the service chain

we need to be making intelligent design decisions

based on an integrated approach.

Engineering design is the formulation of a plan

to allow you to build a product

or infrastructure with the specified performance goal.

For waste water treatment plants

that usually means designing treatment

to to meet effluent and solid requirements.

Instead, frequently for faecal sludge management

decisions have been made on available funding

by trying to spend all of it

or to be as cheap as possible,

or, in contrast, just copying and pasting what worked in entirely

different contexts.

Which has resulted in projects

designed for overly stringent performance goals.

That also do not perform as intended

and frequently fail.

In an example of an engineering problem solving methodology

you have a client who could, for example, be a municipality

and you have your specified performance goal

that you need to solve for.

Then you determine the relevant design variables

which include technical aspects,

but also social considerations like cultural preferences.

Then you further define the problem,

develop alternative solutions,

and then can take decisions

to finally come to your project realization.

We cannot effectively solve problems

until we have clearly defined the problem we're trying to solve.

In an engineering design approach for selection and design

of treatment technologies

this means first defining performance goals or treatment objectives

Frequently, regulations for the treatment of faecal sludge

do not exist or are not enforced.

Which also greatly complicates defining performance goals.

One way to do this is to design for resource recovery,

which can define performance goals that need to be met

while increasing financial flows

to offset cost in the service chain.

And providing incentive for efficient operation

of treatment plants as they're operating to produce products

that meet a market demand.

Depending on the form of resource recovery

defined performance goals are quite different.

For example, pathogen reduction is not as important

for use of faecal sludge in combustion.

Whereas pathogen reduction is of utmost importance

for use as a soil amendment for edible crops.

In week 2 we will present you with tools that help select

optimal treatment products for your city.

The need for institutional and regulatory frameworks

to stimulate resource recovery

and other aspects of the enabling environment

are part of the sustainable implementation

and city wide sanitation planning.

However, an engineering design approach

is not only about resource recovery.

It is first and foremost the protection of public health.

And making intelligent design decisions

starting by defining treatment objectives is always essential.

For example, if designing for disposal

it still needs to be safe disposal.

Once you have defined treatment objectives,

then you can work backwards considering all design variables

to arrive at a treatment technology solution

to meet the defined goals.

Overdesigning treatment technologies waste money and resources

while underdesigning does not provide adequate protection

of human and environmental health.

This is why a design approach is so important.

Another obvious design variable is what will be going into

the treatment facility.

So, you can make it the right size.

However, no reliable methods exist yet for the quantification

and characterization of faecal sludge on a city wide scale.

Or relevant scale for the design of a treatment plant.

So, on week 2, we will discuss ways to approach

making reasonable estimates.

But what about all these other design variables?

They include factors such as existing infrastructure

and services, skills and capacities,

legal requirements, regulations,

norms, social acceptance, operation and maintenance,

financial liability.

As engineers and practitioners working in faecal sludge management

we need to fill many different roles and realize the importance

of why solutions will fail

if not part of this larger approach.

As we will introduce in week 4

this is where a planning framework helps you to determine relevant

design variables.

And when in a project cycle to consider them.

A framework will guide practitioners from the initial project planning phase

to implementation and ongoing operations and maintenance.

In week 4 we will introduce planning and management aspects

of an integrated approach

that help form the foundation

that longterm successful systems are built on.

Planning represents the first phase of designing a system,

but is necessary to ensure a continuum of success

throughout a life of a project.

Management factors such as institutionalization,

technical capacity, legal frameworks, enforcement,

cost recovery mechanisms and operations and maintenance

will also help to ensure long term project success.

A systems level approach is necessary to understand

how all the steps of a complete system integrate and influence other.

To avoid the types of failures presented at the beginning

of this module.

An integrated approach at the city level

is especially important with the faecal sludge management.

As global experience has shown time and time again

that onsite and decentralized technologies

are prone to failure if not considered

as a component within a larger system.

In this module we learned why an integrated approach

to city wide faecal sludge management requires planning, management

and technology.

How the faecal sludge management book fits into that framework.

And why a sound engineering design approach is required

for the intelligent design and selection

of treatment technologies.

We will continue to revisit these concepts in the coming weeks.

Thanks for joining! See you next time.

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