The final system that we'll talk about is an enterprise system. Well, we've looked at so far in a complex system and a system of system or technical systems. Those are technical hardware, software system that are put together through an acquisition process. When we look at an enterprise system, this also has a combination of people and decision points and also workflow processes. As we think of an entire ability for this case in ICU within a hospital to achieve its goals and objective, it has to be an enterprise system. Because it will have, as you see here, a complex system, but also multiple complex systems, i.e. a system of system. But we also need people who make decisions and workflows in order to care for patients. In most cases, as we look at large systems within healthcare, they are normally enterprise systems. As we look at the attributes of an enterprise system, they have very much similar attributes as a system of system, but with a few added pieces. As with complex and system of system enterprise system, again, we are looking at all these disparate components come in together for a common mission or goal. We have to do that and that is the heart of systems engineering. But also within an enterprise system, we do have technology which we've talked about a lot in the previous systems. But we have people and processes. That's when we start recognizing that we go beyond technical systems, that we go to enterprise system by people and processes. We have multiple networks and organizations, so you can think through an ICU in a hospital. There's so many organizations and administration and clinicians that play into this that helps define an enterprise system. What we talked about before in a system of system is the geographic distribution. You can see that that is going to be the case in an enterprise system. If you think about a hospital or some type of health care organization that is going to be geographically dispersed. Also the resourcing, often it comes outside. As people start pursuing enterprise system, they will be need for resources external to the organization. As we look at challenges within systems engineering in different type of systems, you recall how complex systems the challenges there and there were many. Then we went even further and talked about all the challenges associated with system of systems. Now as we get involved with enterprise systems, there are so many more challenges to achieve the goals and objectives of an enterprise system. You saw that the scope and the scale increases greatly. You had technology before, we had multiple complex systems and technology. Now we are answering people and processes which some cases are not very predictable. Also, the broad scope, we also however, want to be able to achieve a goal and objective, so there is this balance between providing guidelines in an enterprise system, providing a broad enough scope, but you also have to have goals and objectives that you want to achieve. That is a fine balance to be able to achieve that. Within enterprise system, we have multiple stake holders who have so many different points of view. You will have administrators, clinicians, those that work in engineering and logistics. There are so many different stakeholders to bring this together and to keep it functioning and running. It is a difficult proposition within the context of Systems engineering for health care or these enterprise systems. Also, as you look at the enterprise system, we need to be able to adapt. Over time things change, policies change, people's view of healthcare changes. How can you put an enterprise system together so that it meets the needs that is evolving? What we have done over the last several slides is look at different types of systems, complex systems, systems of systems and enterprise systems. What I have provided here are excellent references that talk about each, the Kossiakoff book is a foundational book on systems engineering or is the Blanchard and Fabricky, take those system concepts, but put a lot of great analytical works to them. The Maier article of the seminal work that discusses system of systems and the Jamshidi book is an excellent book that has many different system of system examples. For enterprise system, the Rebovich and White book is excellent, providing different types of enterprise systems and discusses the details of them. Also, what I have here are the definitions of each system type, complex systems, system of systems and enterprise systems. What you'll see as you move to the right is that each system type gets a bit more complicated. Where we look at complex systems, it is a single acquisition. In that single acquisition, we look at interrelated components working together for a common objective. As we look at system of systems, we are taking multiple complex systems, those over here and putting them together to create a capability that's greater than if they were working on their own, and that is a system of system. Then an enterprise systems takes system of systems and add in peoples and processes to that, and that makes it even more complicated. As you go to the right, you have to adapt systems engineering principles to be able to take into account the different types of complications that arise from these more complex systems. For attributes, which you'll see is that for a complex system, there is a single integrated system, one acquisition authority and it solves a very scoped problem set. When you look at attributes for a system of systems very specific and you will see that as you look at those different attributes that helped you figure out that it in fact, is a system of system that is each of the elements within a system of system, that is each complex system. Do they have operational independence, managerial independence, are they geographically distributed? When you put them together, is there emergent behavior as well as, as you mature this, is there going to be an evolutionary development? Looking at the different attributes of these two really helps you figure out what type of system you have. Then when you get to enterprise systems, you'll see that you'll also have people and processes, different types of goals and missions, and so adding these different attributes, you would be able to differentiate because sometimes it may not be clear. But looking at attributes help you figure out what type of system you're working with as well as how you may have to tailor your systems approach. At the bottom here, what you'll see are just different examples of the systems, a complex system, a system of system, and enterprise systems.
