本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时2：名词与“们”及处所词、方位词
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来自 Peking University 的课程
现代汉语核心语法
16 个评分
从本节课中
第一讲 名 词、动词和形容词
第一讲主要包括以下语法点：（1）名词的类别和作用；（2）名词与“们”及处所词、方位词；（3）动词的类别和作用；（4）动词的重叠；（5）离合词和能愿动词；（6）形容词的类别和作用；（7）形容词的重叠式。
与讲师见面
Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
二.
名词与"们"及处所词、 方位词 （一）名词与"们"。 Nouns with "men"and nouns of places,nouns of locality with "men".
(1)
后面能加"们"的指人名词 By suffixing 们 to the noun of person
（1）指人的单个名词后面可以加上"们"，并且呢可以做主语 定语和宾语。 1）By suffixing 们 to the noun of person,it can serve as subject,attributive and object.
例如，我们来看一个例子：同学们 都会说汉语。 For example,classmates can speak Chinese.
那么 这个"同学"后面加了一个"们"。 By suffixing 们，
那么"同学"是什么呢？"同学"是指人的名词 指人的名词后面加个"们"。 同学 is a noun of person which indecate some people.
我们再看第②例 我忘不了朋友们的支持和帮助 那个"朋友""后面也加了一个"们"。 Let's look at the second example,I can't forget the support and help that my friends have shown.
It also suffixes 们 after 朋友
"朋友"呢也是指人的 第③例：感谢老师们。 朋友 is also a noun of person.The third example,I'm thankful for my teachers.
"老师"的后面也加了"们"了 "老师"呢也是指人的名词。 It also suffixes 们 after 老师 which is a noun of person.
（2） 并列的指人名词呢一般最后一项后面加上"们" 我们来看一下例子。 2）We suffix 们 to the last noun of coordinate NP.Let's have a look at some examples.
我们看第①个例子：老师 学生们都非常辛苦 Let's have a look at the first example,both the teachers and students are very hard.
"老师"是一个指人的名词，"学生"也是指人的名词 那么这两个名词是并列关系，也就是说它们是同等重要，所以这个时候呢
老师 is a noun of person, so as 学生
They are collaterals of equal importance,then
这个"学生"后面加个"们"就可以了，"老师"的后面不能加"们"。 By suffixing 们 with the latter noun 学生，and we must not suffix 们 with the former noun 老师
第②例：院长 主任们都来了。 Example 2:The dean and director are both here.
"院长"和"主任"那么也是一种并列关系，也就是说它们是同等重要 "院长"and"主任"are collaterals of equal importance
所以呢，在最后一个名词"主任"的后面加个"们"就可以了 2. Therefore,it's fine to suffix 们 after 主任。
后面不能加"们"的指人名词 （1）"数量+名词"。 Without 们 after noun of person 1)By premodifying numeral-measure words
那么"数量"包括 "很多、 不少"等表示数量的词语 它的后面呢不能加上"们"。 Then the numeral-measure words implying the plural,we couldn't suffix 们 after that.
我们来看一下例子 这八个学生们都会说汉语。 Let's have a look at one example:All of the eight students can speak English.
那么这个句子是错误的 为什么呢？就是因为这有一个数量 The sentence is wrong.Why?Because there are premodifying numeral-measure words
"学生"的前边有一个"八个"，是一个数量，所以呢这个地方加个"们"就是错误的 八个 is a numeral-measure word,it's wrong to suffix 们
那么正确的说法应该是什么呢？这八个学生都会说汉语 也就是说把"们"去掉。 Then what is the correct statement? To get rid of 们 is the correct statement
（2）谓语 中有表示数量的词语，那么主语中的名词后不能加上"们"。 2)If there is a numeral-measure word combination in the predicate,a noun in the subject cannot be modified by 们
例如，我们来看一下例子 例①：会游泳的孩子们 很多。 Let's have a look at example one:(There are many children who can swim)
那么这个句子是错误的。 The sentence is wrong.
那么 错误的原因在什么地方呢？就是因为这个谓语，谓语是"很多"，是表示数量的 What was wrong?The predicate 很多 express the quantity
所以呢这个"孩子们"这个"们"呢 应该去掉。 Thus,们 in 孩子们 should be removed
那么正确的说法应该是什么呢？会游泳的孩子 很多。 Then the correct statement is 会游泳的孩子 很多
所以呢也就是说，因为谓语是一个表示数量的，所以这个主语 Since there is a numeral-measure word combination in the predicate,
"会游泳的孩子们"是一个主语，所以这个"们"呢也应该去掉 否则就是错误的。 会游泳的孩子们 is a subject, 们 should be removed, otherwise, it's wrong.
（二）处所词和方位词 1. 2.Nouns of Place and Nouns of Locality (1)
处所词和方位词的作用。 Functions:
（1）做主语 我们来看一下例子。 1）As the Subject Let'a have a look at the examples.
处所词呢可以用来做主语。 Nouns of place can serve as subject
我们看例① 北京大学在哪儿？这个"北京大学"是一个什么呢？是一个处所 Let's have a look at example one:(Where is Peking University?) What is the part of speech of 北京大学? It's a location.
是一个地方，所以呢在这儿是一个话题，是一个 topic，所以是做主语 a place,so here it is the topic,can serve as the subject
例②：上海有很多有名的小吃。 example two:(There are many famous snacks in Shanghai.)
这个"上海"也是一个名词 处所词，所以呢它也是做主语。 上海 is also a nouns of place,it also can serve as the subject.
第③例：上面没有人了。 example two:(There is no one upstairs.)
这个"上面"是一个方位词，也是一个处所 所以呢它在这儿呢也是做一个主语。 上面 is not onlu a nouns of locality, but also a nouns of place.It can serve as the subject.
注意 （1）汉语的处所词和方位词可以直接做主语 前面不能加"在"。 Pay attention to 1）the usage of 在 , in Chinese,nouns of place and nouns of locality which can serve as subject without using 在
我们来看一下例子就比较清楚了。 Let's have a look at the examples and you will make it clear.
我们看第①例 在北京有很多名胜古迹 这个句子是错误的。 Example one:(There are many scenic spots and historical sites in Beijing.) The sentence is not correct.
为什么呢？就是因为 这个是什么呢？"北京"是一个处所词，它在这儿呢是一个主语 Why? Simply because 北京 is a noun of place,it serve as the subject in the sentence,
是一个 topic，所以呢在它的前面出现了介词"在" 那么因此呢，这个句子是错误的。 It's a topic , but 在 which is a preposition appears in front of it.Therefore the sentence is not correct.
那么正确的说法应该是什么呢？ 北京有很多名胜古迹。 What's the right way to say this? 北京有很多名胜古迹。
也就是说把这个"在"应该去掉 （2） That is take the word 在 away.2）
单纯方位词很少做主语，做主语时一般要成对的出现 我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 The simple localizer can serve as subject rarely.Only when they come in pairs they can serve as the subjects.
例①：上有天堂 下有苏杭。 Example one:( Just as there is paradise in heaven,there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth.)
这个"上"是上面的意思，是单纯方位词 上 is a simple localizer which means up
也就是说一个汉字的方位词，而"下"也是一个单纯方位词，是一个汉字 它们都是呢做主语，但是我们看有两个句子
That is to say,it's a simple localizer, and 下 is also a simple localizer which only write down by one Chinese character.
"上有天堂，下有苏杭"，也就是说它们一起出现 那么第②例：前有河，后有山。 上有天堂，下有苏杭 they appear in pairs. Example two:(There is a river in front and a mountain in the back.)
那个"前"也是一个方位词 是一个单纯方位词，"后"也是一个单纯方位词 前 is a simple localizer,后 is also a simple localizer
所以前有河，后有山，那么它们一起出现，这样的 是我们说成对的出现。 So 前有河，后有山 they appear together often ,that is what we say appear in pairs
那么也就是说，单独的，如果没有后面的句子 没有"前有河"，没有"后有山"，这个句子 就不成立。
In other words,once without 前有河 , or without 后有山,the sentence is not correct.
同样的，"上有天堂"没有"下有苏杭"，这个句子 Similarly,上有天堂 without 下有苏杭 appears together,the sentence
"上有天堂"这样的说法也不合格的，也是错误的 （2）做宾语。 上有天堂 is also ungrammatical, it's not correct. 2)As the object
我们来看一下例子 例①：我准备去北京 留学。 Let's have a look at example one:(I'am preparing and studying to go abroad in Beijing.)
那么这个"北京"是什么呢？是做宾语的。 What is 北京 in the sentence? It served as object.
第②例：弟弟在前面 这个"前面"也是宾语，哥哥在后面，"后面"也是做宾语的 Example two:（The younger brother goes in front and the elder brother walk behind. ）前面 is used as object, 后面 is also used as object
（3）做定语 我们来看一下例子。 3) As the Attributive Let's look at the following examples.
例①：图书馆的书 还了没有？"图书馆的"是做一个什么呢？定语 第②例：下面的桌子都是新的。
Example one:(Have you return the library book?) What is 图书馆的 ? It
Example one:(The table downstairs are all new.)
"下面的"也是做一个定语 （4）做中心语 我们来看两个例子。 下面的 is also used as attributive. 4)As the Core Words Let's have a look at two examples.
例①：我们学校 的图书馆 很小。 Example one:(Our school library is small).
这个"图书馆"是什么呢？是一个中心语。 图书馆 is a core (central word)
那么 很小，所以这个"图书馆"是做一个中心语。 It's small.So 图书馆 is as the a core word.
第②例：他们的教室比 我们的大。 Example two:Their classroom is bigger than ours.
这个"教室"也是一个中心语，也就是说是这个它的核心 "他们的教室"呢是"他们的"这个 教室 is as the core words in the sentence,in other words it's the core of the phrase 他们的教室。
"教室"这个短语的核心，所以我们叫做中心语 2. 教室 is the core of the phrase,so we call it core words.2.
单纯方位词和复合方位词的区别 （1）复合方位词可单独做主语 The difference between the simple locality nouns and the compound locality nouns (1)the compound locality nouns can serve as a subject or
宾语，单纯方位词呢一般不行 我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 object,but the simple locality nouns can not.Let's have a look at the examples.
例①：外边 没有人了。 Example one:There is no one outside.
这个句子很好。 This is a good example.
我们 也可以说"外面没有人了"，或者说"外头没有人了"，都很好 但是我们不能说"外没有人了"。
We could say 外面没有人了 or 外头没有人了,but we never say 外没有人了.
为什么呢？就是因为它是一个汉字 是一个单纯方位词，所以呢它不可以做主语。 Why? It's because 外 is a simple locality noun which is expressed by only one Chinese character.外 cannot serve as a subject.
那么是一个错句 我们再看第②例：书放里边。 This example is a wrong sentence.Let's have a look at example two:Please put the book in.
这个句子很好。 This is a good example.
或者是"书放里面"也可以 "书放里头"也没有问题，但是我们不能说"书放里"做宾语 这个不行。
Both 书放里面 and 书放里头 is correct,but we couldn't say 书放里.里 cannot serve as object.
为什么？就是因为这是一个汉字 是一个单纯的方位词，所以呢它不能 Why? That's because 里 is a simple locality noun which is expressed by only one Chinese character.
一般不能做主语，也不能做宾语。 里 cannot serve as a subject or object.
（2） 单纯方位词一般不能做定语 复合方位词可带"的"做定语。 (2)simple locality nouns generally cannot serve as an attributive,compound locality nouns with 的 can serve as an attributive.
我们来看一下例子 例①：右手比左手有劲儿 Let's have a look at the example one:The right hand is stronger than the left.
那么这个"右"是一个单纯方位词，也就是说一个汉字的。 右 is a simple locality noun which is made up of a Chinese character
"左"也是一个单纯方位词 也是一个汉字的，那么它们可以做定语 左 is also a simple locality noun which is made up of a Chinese character.Both of them can serve as an attributive.
但是这样的说法呢有点像一个词，"右手"和"左手"都像一个词 例②：你住外边的屋子吧 It looks like one word,both 右手 and 左手 as a word.Example two:Would you like to live in the outer room?
那个"外边"是什么？复合方位词，所以呢它做定语 带上"的"做定语。 What is the 外面?It's a compound locality noun and can serve as an attributive with 的
那么复合方位词经常带上"的"做名词的定语 Thus,ompound locality nouns can always serve as an attributive with 的
（3）汉语中有"名词+的+复合方位词" (3)Chinese structure:nouns+的+compound locality nouns
没有呢，没有 "名词+的+单纯方位词"，要特别注意 but please note the structure nouns+的+simple locality nouns is not correct in Chinese
我们来看一下例子就比较清楚了。 Let's have a look at the examples
例①：邮局的 里边，或者是里面、 里头都可以 有很多人。 Example one:There are many people in the post office.里边 or 里面，里头 , either one will do.
这个句子是很好的句子。 This is a good example.
但是我们不能说"邮局的里 有很多人"，那么这就错了。 But if we only use 里,the sentence is not correct.
为什么？这是一个汉字，这是所谓的单纯方位词 所以不能这样用。 Why?As a simple locality noun,里 couldn't be used like this.
第②例：图书馆的外边 外面或者外头就是操场、 操场。 Example two: The outside of the library is the playground.外边 can be substituted by 外面 or 外头.
那么这个句子也是很好的句子 但是我们不能说"图书馆的外就是操场"，这个句子就 错了。 It is also a good example.But we couldn't say 图书馆的外就是操场.It's a wrong sentence.
那么原因跟这个"里"是一样的，这个"外"呀也是一个单纯的方位词 所以呢也不能这么用。 Just like 外 , 里 is also a simple locality noun.
（4） 汉语中有"人称代词+复合方位词" 没有"人称代词+单纯方位词"。 (4)In Chinese, Personal Pronouns + Compound Locality Nouns is correct,but Personal Pronouns + Simple Locality Nouns is wrong.
我们来看一下例子，例① 她前边是谁。 Let's have a look at the examples.Example one:Who is the one in front of her?
"她"后面有"前边" 也就是说她的前边的意思，但是呢我们不能说"她前是谁？" 她的前边 is the correct statement,but we couldn't say 她前是谁
这种说法呢是不好的，是错误的句子 第②：你在我后边。 It's a wrong sentence. Example two:You behind me.
"我"是个代词，"后边" 是一个复合方位词，意思就是说你在我的后边。 我 is a pronoun, 后边 is a compound locality noun.That's means you are at the back of me .
这样是没有问题，很好的句子 但是"你在我后"这样的说法呢就不太好，不常用 That's the good statement.But 你在我后 is not a good expression.It's uncommon.
（5） 复合方位词可以单用，单纯方位词不行。 (5)compound locality nouns can be used separately,but the simple locality nouns cannot do it.
我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 You will know better after we learn the examples.
A： 老师在哪儿？B回答：上边 A: Where is the teacher? B: upside.
就是说"上边"可以单独用来回答问题 但是我们看，如果用"上"就不行，就错了 That is 上边 can be used singlely,but we know it's wrong to use 上 .
也就是说 A 问：老师在哪儿？不能回答，B 不能回答说：上。 In other word,when some people ask:Where is the teacher? We could answer 上.
应该说什么呢？上边 也就是说一个的汉字这个方位词 What should we say? 上边 is right.That's is to say
或者是单纯的 方位词，那么不能呢单独使用 the simple locality nouns cannot be used separately.
