本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时 2：趋向补语（上）
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来自 Peking University 的课程
现代汉语核心语法
11 个评分
与讲师见面
Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
二，趋向补语。 Section two, the complement of direction.
（一）充当趋向补语的成分 趋向补语表示行为动作的方向或者是趋向 Part one: elements serving as directional complement
The complement of direction indicate the direction towards or tendency which an action proceeds.
充当趋向补语的都是趋向动词 汉语的趋向动词主要有以下这些，我们看一下表格，有什么呢？ Directional verbs are served as the complement of direction. The following verbs are usually used as complement of direction,
let's have a look at the table, what are they?
上、 下、 进、 出、 回、 过、 起、 开，还有来、 上, 下, 进, 出, 回, 过, 起, 开, 来 and
去，这几个都是呢 一个汉字，就是单音节的。 去, these words are all one character and single-syllable.
另外还有什么呢？上来 下来、 进来、 出来、 回来、 过来、 起来、 What else? 上来, 下来, 进来, 出来, 回来, 过来, 起来,
开来 上去、 下去、 进去、 出去、 回去、 过去，但是没有起去，有开去 开来, 上去, 下去, 进去, 出去, 回去, 过去, but we don't say 起去, we say 开去 instead.
这就是我们汉语的 主要的趋向动词，都在这里了 Here are all the directional verbs mainly used in Chines.
（二）趋向补语的语法意义 1，趋向意义。 Part two: Grammatical meaning of directional complement. 1, the meaning of tendency
趋向补语的基本 语法意义是表示行为动作的方向或者是趋向 The basic grammatical meaning of directional complement is representing the direction or tendency.
我们来看一下例子，第一例：作业带来了吗？这个"来" 是一个趋向补语，它表示呢 Let's look at some examples, first example, (have you got homework with you)? 来 is a directional complement, it represents that
作业向着说话人的方向移动，所以是一种方向或者是一种趋向。 the homework moves towards to the speaker, so it shows a direction or tendency.
第二例 他把我的书借去了。 Second example, (he borrowed a book from me).
这个"去"也是一个趋向补语 "去"表示书离开说话人向别的地方移动 Here, 去 is also a directional complement, 去 represents the book moves away from the speaker.
所以也是一种方向或者是趋向。 So it's also a direction or tendency.
2，结果意义 趋向补语有时候并不表示方向或者趋向 而是表示动作的结果。 2, the meaning of result, the directional complement sometimes doesn't represent direction or tendency, but indicates the result of action.
我们看下例子，第一个：哥哥考上了 大学。 Let's look at some examples, first, (the elder brother was admitted to the university).
这个"上"是一个趋向动词，是一个趋向补语 The word 上 is a directional verb, and is a directional complement.
但是在这儿"上"并不是说从什么地方上到什么地方的意思，这个"上"表示呢 But 上 in here doesn't mean get to a higher place from a lower place, the word 上 shows
"考"的结果，就是"考"，因为"考"的结果是上了大学 第二例：把车停下。 the result of 考, and because the result of 考 is admitted to the university. Second, (stop the car).
这个"下"也是个趋向动词 但是呢它并不表示方向，并不是说向下，往下 The word 下 is also a directional verb, but it doesn't indicate a downward direction.
这个"下"表示"停"的结果，因为"停"，结果是 这个车停下了。 Here 下 means the result of 停, because of 停, the car stopped.
3，状态意义 趋向补语"上"、 "起"、 3, The meaning of state. Directional complements including 上, 起
"开"、 "下去"、 "起来"这么几个都可以表示呢动作行为 所处的状态。 开, 下去, 起来 can all express the state of action.
我们看一下例子，第一个：大家又说上了 这个"上"什么意思呢？既不是表示趋向 Let's see some examples, first, (all of us began to talk again). What does the 上 mean? It means neither direction
也不是表示结果，而是表示"说"这个动作行为开始 是一种状态。 nor result, but represents the beginning of the action of 说, it's a state.
第二个：你们怎么又说起这件事了？ 这个"起"也不是表示方向 Second, why you talked about the affair again? The word 起 represents neither direction
也不表示结果，表示什么呢？"说"这一行为动作 开始并继续，所以呢是一种状态 or result, what does it mean? It means the action of 说 has started and will continue, so it's a state.
动作行为所处的一种状态，所以我们叫状态补语 表示状态的意义 The words and phrases denote the action state, so we call them state complements, which represent the meaning of state.
（三）"了"在"动词 + 趋向补语"中的位置 Part three: position of 了 in the form of "verb + complement of direction"
"了"出现在"动词 + 趋向补语"中 有两种位置，A, 就是动词加上趋向补语 There are two positions where 了 appears in the form of "verb + complement of direction", A, verb + complement of direction
加上"了"，也就是说"了"在趋向补语的后头 第二例，B，动词加上"了"加上趋向动词 + 了, in the words, 了 is placed after the complement of direction. Second, B, verb + 了 + complement of direction,
那么简单地说，也就是说，这个"了"跑在这个趋向补语的前边了 这是它的主要的两种位置。 So in a nutshell, that is to say, 了 is placed before the complement of direction.
1，动词 + 趋向补语 + 了 1, verb + complement of direction + 了.
"动词 + 趋向补语 + The complement in "verb + complement of direction + 了"
了"的趋向补语可以是简单趋向补语 也可以是复合趋向补语。 can be either simple complements of direction or compound complements of direction.
我们来看一下例子，第一个例子 他们又喝上了。 Let's look at some examples, first example, (they drink again).
这个"上"是一个简单趋向补语，也就是说一个汉字 第二个例子，汽车开过来了。 The word 上 is a simple complement of direction, that's one character. Second example, (here comes the bus).
"过来"是复合趋向补语，就是两个汉字 2，"动词 过来 is compound complement of direction, here are two characters. 2, the function of "verb
+ 趋向补语 + 了"的功能，或者是作用 + complement of direction + 了",
"动词 + 趋向补语 + 了"可以做主语 或者是宾语。 "verb + complement of direction + 了" can be either subject or object.
我们来看一下例子，第一例：拿来了就好 Let's look at some examples, first example: (just bring it here).
那么这个"拿来了"是一个主语，是一个被说明的一个对象 第二个，放进去了没关系。 拿来了 here is a subject, a thing which is described. Second, (it doesn't matter that it has been put in).
那"放进去了"是什么呢？也是一个主语 是被说明的一个对象。 So what does 放进去了 mean? It's also a subject, a thing which is described.
第三例：照相机记得 带来了。 Third example: (remember bring the camera).
"带来了"是什么呢？"带来了"是做"记得"的宾语, "动词 What does 带来了 mean? "带来了" is the object of 记得, "verb
+ 趋向补语 + 了"可以带宾语 和数量补语。 + complement of direction + 了" can be followed by object and quantitative complement.
我们来看一下例子，第一例：服务员拿来了一瓶啤酒 Let's see some examples, first example, (the waiter brought up a bottle of beer).
那么"一瓶啤酒"是什么呢？做"拿来了"的宾语 第二例：姐姐买回来了一堆好吃的。 So what does 一瓶啤酒 mean? It serves as the object of "拿来了". Second example: (the older sister bought a pile of tasty things).
"一堆好吃的" 也是做"买回来"的宾语。 一堆好吃 also serves as the object of 买回来.
第三例，孩子 跑出去了半天了。 Third example, (the children has run out for half a day).
这个"半天"是做"跑出去了"的补语 "动词 Here 半天 is used as the complement of 跑出去了. "Verb
+ 趋向补语 + 了" 可以组成"的"字短语。 + complement of direction + 了" can compose phrases with 的.
我们来看一下例子就比较清楚了 我们看第一例：拿回去了的，这里有个"的"，拿回去了的都得交回来
Let's look at examples and will make it clear.
Let's see the first example, (the one has been taken back), there is a character 的, things taken back must be bought back.
这个"拿回去了的"就是一个所谓的"的"字短语 第二个：寄出去了的就算了。 The phrase 拿回去了的 is a so-called phrase of 的. Second, (forget about the thhings sent).
这个是 "寄出去了"和"的"在一起呢也形成了一个所谓的"的"字短语 "动词 Here 寄出去了 and 的 together form a so-called phrases of 的. "Verb
+ 趋向补语 + 了"可以单独用来提问或者是回答问题 + complement of direction + 了" can be used solely to ask or answer questions.
我们来看一下例子，例一，A：寄去了吗？ B 回答：寄去了。 Let's see examples, first example, A: (has it been sent)? B answers: (it has been sent).
这是用来问问题，这是用来回答问题 This is used for asking a question and answering a question.
第二例，A：搬进去了吗？这个也是一个用来问问题，回答搬进去了 Second example, A: (have you moved in)? This is also used for asking a question, and answered has moved in.
"动词 + 趋向补语 "Verb + complement of direction
+ 了"可以加上"吗" 构成疑问句，也可以用"没有"构成正反疑问句 + 了" can attach 吗 to construct a question, and can also attach 没有 to construct an affirmative-negative question.
我们来看一下例子，第一例：礼物送去了吗？ 加上"吗"变成一个什么呢？问句。 Let's look at examples, first example, (have the presents been sent)? What does the sentence become with 吗? A question.
第二个：护照 拿出来了没有？那么通过加上"没有"变成一个正反问句 Second, (has the passport been brought out)? So by adding 没有, the sentence become an affirmative-negative question.
2，动词 + 了 + 趋向补语 （1）"动词 2, verb + 了 + complement of direction (1) The complement in "verb
+ 了 + 趋向补语"的"趋向补语"只能是"来""去" + 了 + complement of direction" can be only 来 and 去.
这个要注意，只可以是"来""去"，也就是说一个汉字的只能是"来""去" 以及复合趋向补语。
Pay attention here, only 来 and 去 are available, in other words, the one character is either 来 or 去.
我们来看两个例子，第一个 他把校长也请了去。 Let's see two examples, first, (he also invited the headmaster).
这个"了"在"去"的前边 这是一个"去"。 The 了 is placed before 去, here is one character 去.
第二个，孩子吓得哭了起来。 Second, (the baby scared to cry).
"起来"是复合趋向补语 这个"了"在"起来"的前边。 起来 is compound directional complement, 了 is placed before 起来.
（2） "动词 + 了 + 趋向补语"的功能，也就是说作用 (2) The function of "verb + 了 + complement of direction"
"动词 + 了 + 趋向补语"只能做谓语。 "verb + 了 + complement of direction" can only be used as predicate.
我们来看一下，第一例：鸟从这儿 飞了出去。 Let's have a look, first example, (the bird flew out from here).
是一个谓语来说明鸟的。 A predicate describes the bird.
第二例：妈妈把钱包拿了出来 "拿了出来"来说明妈妈 Second example: (mom took out the wallet). 拿了出来 is used for describing mom.
那么"动词 + 了 + 趋向补语"做谓语的句子 带有描写的色彩，那么句子中常有方式副词
Sentences with "verb + 了 + complement of direction" as predicate have a color of description, and often have adverbs of manner.
我们来看一下例子，第一个：他慢慢地走了出去 Let's look at examples, first, (he walks out slowly).
"慢慢地"是说什么呢？走的样子，所以是 他慢慢地走了出去是说他，带有一种描写的色彩 What does 慢慢地 mean? The way he walks, so the sentence he walks out slowly refer to him has a color of description.
第二例：妈妈把准备好的礼物一样一样地拿了出来 "一样一样地"也是一种说明"拿出来"的样子
Second example: (mom takes out the gifts prepared one by one).
一样一样地 is also a description of the way of 拿出来.
那么整个句子"妈妈把准备好的礼物一样一样地拿了出来"也带有一种 描写的色彩。 And the whole sentence 妈妈把准备好的礼物一样一样地拿了出来 also has a color of description.
第三例，老师拿起笔，刷刷地写了起来。 Third example, (the teacher picked up a pen and wrote up scratching noises).
"刷刷刷"也是呢 说明"写"的样子，所以呢"刷刷地写了起来"也是带有描写的色彩 刷刷刷 also expresses the way of 写, so 刷刷地写了起来 also has a color of description.
