本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时 3：动态助词“了”（下）
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来自 Peking University 的课程
现代汉语核心语法
16 个评分
从本节课中
第四讲助词、叹词和象声词
第四讲主要包括以下语法点：（1）结构助词；（2）动态助词；（3）语气助词；（4）叹词的类别；（5）叹词的作用；（6）象声词的类别；（7）象声词的作用。
与讲师见面
Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
"了"的使用规律。 The usage of “le”
"了"表示实现 但是呢，并不是所有表示实现的都要用"了"，这是汉语的特点 那要特别注意。
“le” represents achievement. However, “le” does not represent all of achievements. This is the character of Chinese. Please pay attention to it.
第一种情况，如果句子中有表示过去某一时间的词语 The first condition, if there is a word that represents sometime at once in the sentence
而行为动作呢在这一时间内已经发生了，那么动词后要用"了" and the action was done in that time, then the “le” shall be used after the verb
我们看两个例子，第一，五一我去了泰山 Let us see some examples. First, I went to Mount Tai in May Day.
那么这个句子里面有一个时间词语"五一"，而且"去了" There is a time word of “May Day”, and the action of “qu le” (went to)
这个动作发生在"五一"这个时间内，已经发生了，所以呢这个动词"去"的后面要加"了" took place in the time of “May Day”. It has been done, so the “le” shall be used after the verb of “qu”.
第二个，那天晚上妈妈就回了上海 "那天晚上"是一个时间，时间词语，对吧 Second, mom returned to Shanghai that night. “that night” is a time word, right?
那么"回了"是在"那天晚上"这个时间 之内已经发生的事情，所以这个"了"呢放在 And then the “hui le” (returned to) was done in the time of “that night”, so the “le” is placed
回的后面，而且要用"了"，要用"了"，回后面要用"了"，去后面也要用"了" Afer the “hui” (returned) and shall be added with “le”.
第二种情况是一个行为动作 发生或者完成后，另外一个行为动作或情况才出现 The second condition is that after a behavior action occurs or is completed, another action or situation occurs
那么不管第一个行为动作是否发生 那么第一个动词后一般要用"了"，我们来看两个例子 Whether the first action occurs or not, the “le” shall be used after the first verb in general. Let us see two examples.
第一个情况，第一个例子，他洗了澡就睡觉了 The first condition, example one, he went to bed after taking a shower.
对吧，也就是说先洗澡，然后再去睡觉，那么这个第一个动词
That is to say, he took a shower and then went to bed. Pay attention to the first verb of “xi zao” (took a shower)
洗澡，洗的后面加上"了"，有一个"了" 第二个，写了作业再去玩。 The “le” shall be used after the “xi”. Example two, “xie le zuo ye zai qu wan” (you can go out to play after finishing the homework).
写了作业再去玩，这个作业实际上还没有写 Actually, the homework has not been finished
就是将来的完成，那么这个因为是要先写作业，然后再去玩，也就是这个动作发生以后 It is the future perfect. Because the action of playing shall be done after finishing the homework,
然后再发生后面的动作，所以这个第一个动词的后面 用了"了"。 the “le” shall be used after the first verb.
（3）直接引语和间接引语前的动词后，一般不用"了" (3) in general, the “le” is not used after verbs before direct quotations and indirect quotations
我们来看两个例子，第一个例子，刘老师说："下星期一考试。
Let us see some examples. Example one, Mr. Liu said: “there will be an examination next Monday.”
" "下星期一考试"是刘老师说的话 所以是直接的引语，那么我们看说这个事情 “there will be an examination next Monday” is the word of Mr. Liu. Therefore, it is a direct quotation. The action of “shuo” (said)
已经发生了，这个动作已经发生了，但是呢后面不能有"了" has done, however, the “le” shall not be used after it.
第二种情况，第二个例子：天气预报说，明天有雨
The second condition, example two: The weather forecast says there is rain tomorrow
明天有雨是天气预报说的一个内容，但是呢不是直接这么说的，所以我们叫间接引语 “there is rain tomorrow” is the content of weather forecast. However, it is not the original words of the weather forecast. Therefore, we call it indirect quotation.
那么这个动词说的后面也没有"了"，尽管这个事情已经发生，但是呢也是不用"了"的 There is no “le” after the verb of “shuo” (say). Although the thing has been done, the “le” shall ot be used after it.
第四种情况就是宾语为动词或者短语，主谓短语 等时，谓语动词后不用"了"，我们来看 The fourth condition is that the object is a verb, a phrase, or a subjective-predicate phrase, the “le” shall not be used after the predicate verb, let us see
两个例子，第一个，朋友告诉我们这儿的东西很 便宜。 some examples, example one, my friends told us things are cheap here.
这个"我们这儿的东西很便宜"这是一个小句 The “things are cheap here” is a sentence.
是一个主谓短语，主语我们这儿的东西，"东西很便宜"是个主谓短语 And a subjective-predicate phrase. “things are cheap” is a subjective-predicate phrase
那么"告诉"尽管这个事情已经做了，已经 发生了这个动作，但是呢我们说这个"告诉"的后面不能用"了"
The action of ”gao su” (told) has been done, but the “le” shall not been used after the “gao su”
第二呢，女朋友答应跟我一起来中国学习 Example two, my girlfriend promised to come to China with me to study
"跟我一起来中国学习"呢是一个谓词性动词性的短语
“come to China with me to study” is predicative verb phrase
那么"答应"的后面，"答应"尽管是发生了，但是这个"答应"的后面也不能用"了" Although the “da ying” (promised) has been done, the “le” shall not been used after it.
第五种情况就是结果补语、 程度补语、 情态补语前的动词 The forth condition is verbs before result complement, degree complement, and modal complement
那么不管行为动作发生了还是没有发生，那么后面都不用"了"，例如 Whether the action has been done or not, the “le” shall not been used after it, for example,
第一个例子，买到票了吗？
Example one, “mai dao piao le ma?” (Did you get the ticket?)
这个后面不能用"了"，买到的"到"后面不能用"了" 第二个，他吃完饭就回去了。 The “le” shall not been used after the “mai dao”. Example two, “ta chi wan fan jiu hui qu le” (He returned after dinner).
这个"吃完"后面也是不能用"了"的 第四种情况，"动词+了"的否定 The “le” shall not been used after the “chi wan”. The fourth condition, the negation of “verb + le”
（1）"动词+了+名词"的否定是在动词前加上"没有" (1) the negation of “verb +le +noun” is that the “mei you” (not) is added after a verb
删去"了"，例如，我们来看一下两个例子。 And the “le” is deleted. For example,
第一个，她看了电影 看了电影，那么它的否定是什么呢？在 Example one, “ta kan le dian ying” (she watched the moive). What is the negation of “kan le dian ying”? add
"看"的前面加上"没有"，要特别注意的是 要把"了"，这个"了"删掉 “mei you” before the “kan”, however, the “le” shall be deleted here.
不可以说，她没有看了电影，应该把"了"去掉，她没有看电影 第二个例子，我吃了饭。 The expression of “ta mei you kan le dian ying” is wrong. The “le” shall be deleted. “ta mei you kan dian ying” is okay. Example two, “wo chi le fan” (I had the meal).
同样的道理，那么是加"没有"，"吃"的前面加上"没有" Likewise, the “mei you” shall be added before the “chi”.
但是呢，这个"吃"的后面的"了"也要删掉，也要删掉 注意 And the “le” after the “chi” shall be deleted as well. Pay attention to it.
"动词+了+名词"用"没有"否定的时候啊，必须删去"了" 例如，第一个 The “le” shall be deleted when the “mei you” is used before the phrase of “verb +le +noun”. For example, example one,
他们没交了作业，这个是外国学习者，外国的学习者容易犯的错误 The wrong sentence of “ta men mei jiao le zuo ye” is usually made by foreign learners.
那么这个句子是错的，为什么呢？就是因为这个"没" This sentence is wrong. Why? because the “le” is not deleted when the “mei”
加上动词，后面这个"了"还有，应该把"了"去掉，应该说，他们没交作业 is added with a verb. The right expression is that “ta men mei jiao zuo ye” (they did not hand in the homework).
第二个，我们没有复习了汉字。
Example two, “wo men mei you fu xi le han zi”
那么同样是错误的句子，那么 This is also a wrong sentence.
应该把这个"了"去掉，应该说什么呢，我们没有复习汉字，这样就正确了
The “le” here shall be deleted. The expression of “wo men mei you fu xi han zi” (we did not review Chinese characters) is right.
（2）"动词+了+数量" "动词+了+数量"的否定有时是在动词前加上"没有" (2) “verb + le +amount” the negation of “verb + le + amount” is to add “mei you” before a verb sometimes.
删去"了"，同时删去数量词。 the “le” and the word of amount shall be deleted.
我们来看一下这个例子 第一个，我买了一本书。 Let us see the example. Example one, “wo mai le yi ben shu” (I bought a book).
那么这个句子怎么否定呢？ 那么应该说，我没有买书。 What is the negation of this sentence? “wo mei you mai shu” (I did not buy a book).
也就是说把 "了"和"一本"全部扔掉。 That is to say, the “le” and “yi ben” shall be deleted.
第二例，她去了一次颐和园 Example two, “ta qu le yi ci yiheyuan” (she went to Summer Palace at once)
那么这个怎么否定呢？它的否定是，她没有去颐和园，也就是说"了"和"没有"全部不要 What is the negation of this sentence? “ta mei you qu yiheyuan” (she did not go to Summer Palace). That is to say, the “le” and “yi ci” shall be deleted.
这样就是可以了 有的时候也可以直接在动词前加上"没有"删去"了" That is okay. Sometimes, the “mei you” can be added before a verb without “le”
但是后面呢，必须加上一个跟其结构类似的分句 However, a clause that has a similar structure with it shall be added after this sentence.
而且呢，后一个分句中的数量啊要比前一个 中的这个数量要小。 And the number of the latter clause shall be smaller than in the previous one.
我们来看例子就比较清楚了，例一 我们等了两个小时。 Let us see some examples to make it clear. Example one, “wo men deng le liang ge xiao shi” (we have waited for two hours).
那么这个句子怎么否定呢？ What is the negation of this sentence?
那么我们看一看怎么否定，我们应该说什么呢？我们没有等两个小时
How to say it? “wo men mei you deng liang ge xiao shi” (we did not wait for two hours).
也就是把"了"去掉，加上"没"或者"没有" 但是后面要注意，这个非常重要，我们 That is to say, the “le” is deleted and the “mei” or “mei you” is added here. Pay attention to the next part. It is important. “wo men
只等了一个小时，也就是说后面加上一个 数量结构，但是这个数量比前面那个数量要小 zhi deng le liang ge xiao shi” (we have only waited for one hour). An amount is added after it. The amount is smaller than the previous one.
第二例，昨天花了 二百元，二百块钱。 Example two, “zuo tian hua le er bai yuan, er bai kuai qian” (two hundred yuan was spent yesterday).
那么这个句子怎么否定呢？同样是，当然要加"没有" What is the negation of this sentence? Likewise, the “mei you” shall be added
但是同时要删掉"了" "二百块钱"没有关系，保留 And the “le” shall be deleted. The “er bai yuan” is okay to keep.
后面一定要加上，不要忘了加上"只花了一百二十块钱"之类的 这样的话。 The “zhi hua le yi bai er shi kuai” (only one hundred and twenty yuan was spent) shall be added after the latter sentence.
那么这样呢，也就是说这个句子就可以成立了 And then this sentence will be right.
它就一个对比，后面一个"一百二十块"要比"二百块"要小，也就是注意 There is a comparison. The “yi bai er shi kuai” (one hundred and twenty yuan) added later shall be smaller than the “er bai kuai” (two hundred yuan). That is to say
这个数量要比前一个数量要小 The amount shall be smaller than the previous one.
那么这种用法呀多用于什么呢？辩解或者是纠错，也就是说它们是特别的说法 What does this usage be used for in general? Special expression of explanation or correction
使用的场合有限制 The usage of it is limited.
