本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时 4：动态助词“着”“过”
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来自 Peking University 的课程
现代汉语核心语法
16 个评分
从本节课中
第四讲助词、叹词和象声词
第四讲主要包括以下语法点：（1）结构助词；（2）动态助词；（3）语气助词；（4）叹词的类别；（5）叹词的作用；（6）象声词的类别；（7）象声词的作用。
与讲师见面
Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
（二）着。 (II) zhe
"着"表示行为动作的进行或状态的持续 我们来看两个例子，例如：同学们说着、 “zhe” represents the conduct of action or the continuation of the status. Let us see some examples. “tong xue men shuo zhe,
笑着 "说着"是说呢正在说，"笑"呢是正在笑，正在进行 Xiao zhe” (students are talking and laughing). The “shuo zhe” shows the action of talk is doing, so does “xiao”.
第 2 例子：教室里还亮，亮着灯。
Example two: “jiao shi li hai liang zhe deng” (the light in the classroom is still lighting).
这个"亮着灯"是表示呢这个亮的持续 状态的持续。 The “liang zhe deng” shows the continuation of lighting.
1. 1.
"着"与动词和形容词 （1）持续动词可以带"着"。 “zhe”, verb and adjective (1) Continuous verbs can be followed by “zhe”
例如 我们来看一下，第 1 个例子：大家等着你呢！这个"等"是什么？"等"是个动词 For example, “da jia deng zhe ni ne!” (everyone is waiting for you). What is the “deng”. A verb
它是一个持续的动词，就是可以持续一段时间 第 2 It is a continuous verb. Example two
个：你穿着羽绒服不热吗？这个"穿"也是一个持续动词，所以加上"着"没有问题 第 : “ni chuan zhe yu rong fu bu re ma?” (Do you feel hot to wear a down jacket?) The “chuan” is also a continuous verb. It is okay to be followed by the “zhe”.
2 个，趋向动词不能带"着" Second, direction verbs shall not be followed by “zhe”
所谓趋向动词，"来""去"，"过来""过去"这样的动词是不能 带"着"的。
That is to say, direction verbs of “lai”, “qu”, “guo lai” and “guo qu” shall not be followed by “zhe”.
第 3 种，状态动词除了"爱"，注意这个是"爱"以外 Third, state verbs, except for the “ai” (love),
"爱"是可以说"爱着什么"，其它的一般不能带"着" 第 shall not be followed by “zhe” in general. The “ai” can be followed by “zhe”, such as “ai zhe shen me”
4，关系动词"在、 是、 属于 拥有"等都不能带"着"。 Fourth, relation verbs of “zai, shi, shu yu, yong you” and so on shall not be followed by “zhe”
第 5 种是少数形容词 The forth one is some adjectives
哪些形容词呢？颜色形容词，注意是颜色方面的 形容词可以带"着"。
What are them? Some color adjectives can be followed by “zhe”.
比如说：小姑娘红着脸 跑出去了。 For example: “xiao gu niang hong zhe lian pao chu qu le.” (the little girl ran out with red cheeks.)
"红"是一种颜色。 “hong” (red) is a color.
第 2 例：他黑着脸 一句话都没说就走了。 Example two: “ta hei zhe lian, yi ju hua dou mei shuo jiu zou le” (He did not say anything with his angry face and left).
这个"黑"也是一个颜色词 The “hei” is also a color word.
所以可以说"红着""黑着"，那么其它的颜色的形容词也不常加上"着"
The expression of “hong zhe” and “hei zhe” is okay. However, other color words are not followed by “zhe” in general.
注意，形容词啊绝大多数 不能带"着"。 Pay attention, most adjectives shall not be followed by “zhe”.
例如，我们看一看，第 1 例：她高兴着唱起来了。 For example, “ta gao xing zhe chang qi lai le” (she was singing happily).
这是外国学习者 最容易犯的一个错误，这个地方不可以加"着" This is a common mistake. The “zhe” shall not been used here.
错误就在这儿，应该说什么呢？她高兴地，用"地" 唱起来了。 What is the right one? “ta gao xing de chang qi lai le”. “de” shall be used here rather than “zhe”
第 2 例，我们快乐着生活在这里，那么这个 Example two, “wo men kuai le zhe sheng huo zai zhe li” (we live here happily), then the
"快乐着"也是不可以，应该说什么呢？"快乐地"就可以了
“kuai le zhe” is also not okay. What is the right expression? “kuai le de” is okay.
也就是说形容词啊绝大多数是不能带"着"的，这个要特别注意 2. That is to say, most adjectives shall not be followed by “zhe”. Please pay attention to it. 2.
"动词+着"的否定。 Negation of “verb + zhe”
（1）"动词+着+ （名词）"的否定啊一般是在动词前加上"没"或是"没有" (1) The negation of “verb +zhe +(noun)” is to add “mei” (no) or “mei you” (not) before a verb.
但是一定要删去，删去"着"，不要忘了 我们看两个例子，第 And the “zhe” shall be deleted. Please remember it. Let us see some examples. Example
1 个：教室里开着灯 "开着"，那么它的否定是什么呢？应该说：教室里 one: “jiao shi li kai zhe deng” (the classroom is lighting). And then what is the negation of it? “jiao shi li
没（有）开，注意这个"着"一定要扔掉 第 mei (you) kai…”. The “zhe” shall be deleted. Example
2 例：桌子上放着书 "放着"，那么它的否定是什么呢？桌子上没（有）放书。 two: “zhuo zi shang fang zhe shu” (a book is placed on the table). What is the negation of it? “zhuo zi shang mei (you) fang shu” (a book is not placed on the table).
也就是这个"着" 也应该否定的时候加上"没（有）"扔掉"着" The “zhe” shall be deleted and the “mei (you) shall be added in the negation of this sentence.
但是"动词+着+数量（名）"的否定啊实在动词前加上"没（有）" However, the negation of “verb + zhe +amount (noun)” shall be added with a “mei (you)”
或者"没"，同时呢删去"着"和"数量"，这个更复杂一点 例如，我们来看一下，第 or “mei”. And the “zhe” and amount shall be deleted. It is more complex. Let us see some examples.
1 例：黑板上写着一行字，写着 Example one: “hei ban shang xie zhe yi hang zi” ( a line of words is on the blackboard)
一行字，有"着"有"数量"，那么这个句子的否定是什么呢？
There are the “zhe” and amount word. What is the negation of this sentence?
这个句子的否定啊，就是，是这样的，黑板上没（有），加上"没（有）" The negation of it is, “hei ban shang mei (you)…” the “mei (you) is added here.
动词"写"，但是呢后面的"着"扔掉了 还要注意就是这个"一行" And the “zhe” after it is deleted. Pay more attention to the amount word of “yi hang” (a line)
数量也要同时扔掉，也就是把"着"和"数量"同时扔掉 再加上"没（有）"就可以了。 It shall be deleted as well. That is to say, the “zhe” and amount shall be deleted and added with “mei (you).
第 2 个例子：孩子手里拿着一个玩具。 Example two: “hai zi shou li na zhe yi ge wan ju” (the child is holding a toy).
拿着一个玩具 那么这个"拿着"数量"一个玩具"，它的否定是什么呢？ “na zhe yi ge wan ju” (Holding a toy). What is the negation of it?
孩子手里上没（有），加上"没（有）"，加上动词，但是"着" “hai zi shou shang mei (you)…”(the child is not…). The “zhe”
扔掉，还有"一个"数量也扔掉，应该说：孩子手里没有拿玩具 is deleted here. And the amount of “yi ge” is also deleted. The right expression shall be: “hai zi shou li mei you na wan ju”
不能说：孩子手里没有拿一个玩具，没有拿着一个玩具。 Rather than “hai zi shou li mei you na yi ge wan ju, mei you na zhe yi ge wan ju.)
这样的都是错误的 都是错误的。 Both of them are wrong, wrong.
（2）有些"动词+着+（名词）"可以用什么呢？"别""不要" (2) some “verb +zhe + (noun)” can be matched with “ bie” “bu yao” (do not)
进行否定，那么这样的否定呢一般用于祈使句 就是希望或者禁止别人做什么事情的时候 用这样的说法。
for negation. These negations are often used in imperative sentences. When somebody wishes or forbid others to do something, these negations are used.
我们来看两个例子，第 1 个：看着我！动词加"着"，对吧？看着我！ Let us see some examples. The first one: “kan zhe wo!” (look at me). The verb is followed by the “zhe”.
那么它的否定是什么呢？它的否定是用"别"，别看着我！或者是 不要看着我！再看第 What is its negation? The “bie” is used for the negation of it. “bie kan zhe wo!” or “bu yao kan zhe wo!” (Do not look at me). Turn to example
2 例：手机关着！ 动词加上"着"，对吧？那么它的否定是什么呢？手机别关着！ two: “shou ji guan zhe!” (The phone is off). It is the verb plus “zhe”, right? And then what is the negation of it? “shou ji bie guan zhe!”
或者：手机不要关着！ 就是用"别"或者是"不要"。 Or: “shou ji bu yao guan zhe” (Do not keep the phone off). The “bie” or “bu yao” is used here.
那么这样的说法都是呢 祈使句，就是要求或者是禁止别人做什么事情的时候用这种否定 This expression is imperative sentence. When somebody wishes or forbid others to do something, these negations are used.
（3）还有一些"动词+着+（名词）"可以用"不"否定，表示什么呢？假设条件 (3) some phrases of “verb + zhe + (noun)” can be denied by “bu” (no). What does it represent? Assumptions
就是一种假设，不是真实的。 It is an assumption and not real.
好，我们来看两个例子 第 1 例：不坐着就不舒服。 Okay, let us see some examples. Example one: “bu zuo zhe jiu bu shu fu” (it is uncomfortable when you are not sitting).
那么显而易见，"坐着"的前边是用"不"进行否定 是吧，"不坐着"什么意思呢？就是如果不坐着
Obviously, the “zuo zhe” is denied by “bu”
Right? What does the “bu zuo zhe” mean? It means that it is uncomfortable
就不舒服的意思，"不坐着"是一种什么呢？假设的情况 第 if you are not sitting. What is the “bu zuo zhe”? It is an assumption. Example
2 例：刚才她不等着你，就不会迟到！这个 two: “gang cai ta bu deng zhe ni, jiu bu hui chi dao!” (She will not be late if she did not wait for you)
用"不"否定"等着"，那么这个是什么呢？这个意思就是说，如果 The “bu” is used to deny the “deng zhe”. What does it mean? It means that if
她刚才她不等着你，就不会迟到，也是一种假设的情况 if she did not wait for you, she will not be late. It is also an assumption.
假设的情况，这种情况下都可以用什么呢？用"不" 进行否定，用"不"。 What shall be used to deny here? “bu”.
（三）过 "过"表示过去曾经发生过某一行为动作或出现过某种 (III) guo “guo” represents that a certain action or a certain state occurred or appeared in the past,
状态，但是呢现在这种行为动作不再进行或者状态不再存在 例如，我们来看两个例子，第 but now this action is no longer been conducted or the state no longer exists. Let me show you some examples.
1 个：我们去过北京 什么意思呢？这个"过"什么意思呢？它就相当于说以前某一时间 Example one: “wo men qu guo Beijing.” (We went to Beijing at once). What does the “guo” mean? It refers to sometime in the past.
"去"发生了，但是呢现在不在北京 是一种经历，或者说是一种经验。 “qu” is done. The person said is not in Beijing now. it is an experience.
第 2 例：妈妈学过半个月汉语 这个"学过"什么意思呢？就是学汉语 Example two: “mama xue guo ban ge yue han yu” (my mom learnt Chinese for half a month.) what does the “xue guo” mean? It means that learning Chinese
这个事情呀很早以前发生过，但是呢现在不学习 was done in the past. However, it is not doing now.
不学习汉语，它是一种经历或者是一种经验。 It is an experience.
2 对不起，我说了 2，应该是 1。 2 “dui bu qi, wo shuo le” (sorry, I have said it) 2 shall be 1.
>> 没事儿 >> 哎呀，我走心了。
>> it is okay
>> Oh, I am distracted.
>> 还经常对呢 >> 我喝一口水吧，不好意思 哎
>> It is right in general
>> Please allow me to drink a water, sorry, oh
[声响] [Sound]
[声响] [Sound]
>> 好 >> Okay
>> 1. >>1.
"过"与动词和形容词。 “guo”, verb and adjective
汉语中的动词 形容词绝大多数可以带"过"，但是呢也有一些不能带 Most verbs and adjectives can be followed by “guo” in Chinese. However, some of them cannot.
（1）认知意义动词"知道、 了解、 懂、 (1) Cognitive verbs “zhi dao (know), liao jie, dong (understand),
明白、 认识、 忘、 忘记" 这些呢都不能带"过"。 ming bai, ren shi, wang, wang ji (forget)” cannot be followed by “guo”.
（2） 一次性动词"死、 活、 出生、 毕业、 放学、 (2) One-time verbs of “si (die), huo(live), chu sheng(born), bi ye(graduate), fang xue(after school),
褪色、 出发"等 它表示什么呢？人或者事物啊存在期间呢只有一次 tui se(fade), chu fa(departure)”. What do they represent? People or things are only one time to exist
不可能重复发生，像"死"啊"活"啊人的一生只有一次，"毕业"在一所大学里 And they cannot occur repeatedly. Words like “si”, “huo”, “bi ye”
或者学校里呢只能有一次，"出发"也是一样，所以这样的动词后面呢都不能用"过" Occur one time in general as well as “chu fa”. Therefore, these verbs shall not be followed by “guo”.
（3）非谓形容词 就是不能做谓语的形容词"男、 (3) Non-predicate adjectives Non-predicate adjectives of “nan (male),
女、 彩色、 黑白"等 不能带"过"。 Nv (female), cai se (color) and hei bai (black and white) shall not be followed by “guo”.
（4）状态形容词就是我们 前面讲过的"雪白、 草绿、 (4) State adjectives, which have been talked by us. State adjectives of “xue bai (white), cao lv (green),
白花花、 红彤彤 慢悠悠"啊都不能带"过"。 Bai hua hua (white), hong tong tong (red), man you you (slow)” shall not be followed by “guo”.
2. 2.
"动词+过"的否定 "动词+过"的否定一般在动词前加上"没（有）" In the negation of “verb +guo”, the “mei (you)” is often added before a verb.
但也有一些特殊的情况。
However, there are also some special conditions.
（1） (1)
"动词+过+（名词）"的否定是在动词前加上"没（有）"，这个很简单，我们看一下
In the negation of “verb + guo + (noun)”, the “mei (you)” is added before a verb. It is easy. Let us have a look.
这本书我看过。 “zhe ben shu wo kan guo” (I have read this book)。
那么，这本书我没看过，直接加上 "没（有）"这个"过"还保留，这个是很简单的 And then, “zhe ben shu wo mei kan guo” (I have not read this book). The “mei (you)” is added here. The “guo” is kept. It is easy for you.
（2）"动词+过+数量（名）" (2) “Verb + guo + amount (noun)”
是在动词前加上"没有"，但是数量要删去 The “mei you” is added before a verb without the amount word.
哦，要翻页了吗，啊 Oh, is it time to flip? Ah
>> 第二个例句没讲。
>> The second example did not been talked.
>> 哦，对，不是，那个句子我故意把它放掉了。 >>Oh, right. No, that sentence was passed by me deliberately.
>> 哦 >> Oh
>> 我没翻页，哎
>> I did not flip, oh
糟糕，我想省一个句子 因为它简单，直接说一下一个就完事了 那重新来对吧。 Oh my god, I want to pass one sentence because it is easy. Let us talk about it again.
>> 这个也重新来。 >>This one shall be talked again as well.
>> 好 2. >> Okay 2.
"动词+过"的否定 "动词+过"的否定一般是在动词前加上"没"或者"没有" In the negation of “verb + guo”, the “mei” or “mei you” shall be added before a verb
但是也有一些特殊的情况。
However, there are also some special conditions.
（1）"动词+过+（名词）"的否定是在动词前加上"没（有）" (1) In the negation of “verb + guo + (noun)”, the “mei (you)” is added before a verb
这个很简单，我们看一下这个例子：这本书我看过。
It is easy. Let us see the example: “zhe ben shu wo kan guo” (I have read this book).
直接在"看过"的前边加上"没（有）" 就可以了，所以不多说 It is okay to add the “mei (you)” before the “kan guo”. There is no need to say it one more time.
（2） "动词+过+数量（名）"是在动词前加上"没"或者"没有" (2) In the phrase of “verb + guo + amount (noun)”, the “mei” or “mei you” is added before a verb
但是"数量"要删去，这个要特别注意，要删去这个 "数量"。 But “amount” shall be deleted. Please pay attention to it. The amount shall be deleted.
我们看一下例子就比较清楚，比如说第 1 Let me show you some examples to make it clear. Example one
例：我们踢过一次球 踢过一次球，数量，那么这个句子的否定
: “wo men ti guo yi ci qiu” (we played ball once). And then the negation of it
是怎么样否定呢？就是说我们"没（有）"，加上"没（有）"，"过"还保留 What is the negation of it? Add “mei (you) and keep “guo”
但是这个"一次"应该删去，所以呢，我们没有踢过球 But delete the “yi ci”. “wo men mei you ci guo qiu” (we did not play ball).
这样的句子是，是对的 （3） This sentence is right. (3)
"动词+过+一+量词+（名词）"有时可以在动词 In the “verb + guo + quantifier + (noun), “mei” or “mei you” is added before a verb
前加上"没"或者"没有"进行否定，但是呢，"一"要
sometimes to deny. However, the “yi” (one) shall be
重读，就是读得很重，强调没有发生过某种行为动作 Emphasized to stress that the action did not occur
我们来看一个例子：他请过一次假 Let me show you an example: “ta qing guo yi ci jia” (he asked for a left once).
那么这个句子怎么否定呢？我们说：他没（有），加上"没（有）" What is the negation of this sentence? We say that, “ta mei (you)…” The “mei (you)
再，"过"保留，对吧？然后：他没（有）请过
is added and the “guo” is kept. And then: “ta mei (you) qing guo
'一次假，所以这个"一"的前，上面有个 重读，要重读，就是"一次"要重读 yi ci jia”. The “yi” shall be emphasized
强调他没有请过假 To stress that he did not ask for a left
