好，下面我们讲第二节，介词 一，介词的类别。 Okay, next let’s move to the second section, preposition First, type of preposition 介词可以根据意义分为以下几类 （一）表示时间的。 Preposition can be divided into the following types according to their meanings (I) indicating time 这类介词与名词或者是名词短语 组成的介词加上名词或者短语，它表示的是时间，而不是说介词表示时间
Such preposition and nouns or noun phrases to make up the structure of “preposition plus noun or noun phrase” indicates time. We are not saying that prepositions indicates time, 而是说介词和它后面的名词或者短语一起来表示时间 主要有"在、 从、 当"等。 But the combination of preposition plus noun or noun phrases indicates time. Such prepositions mainly include “in, from, on” etc. 例如 我们来看一下例子。 Let’s turn to some examples. 第一例：在过去，这种事情非常多 The first one, in the past, it is quite a common thing. 在是一个介词，过去是个名词，在过去那么表示呢是过去这样一个时间 “Zai(in)” is a preposition and “the past” is a noun. “In the past” indicates a time that has gone. 第二例：我们从九点开始考试。 The second one, our exam starts from nine o’clock. 从是个介词，九点是一个量词、 数量 “Cong(from)” is a preposition and “nine o’clock” is a quantifier indicating amount. 所以呢它们一起呢表示的是时间 （二）表示处所的。 So they work to indicate time together. (II) indicating location 这类介词与名词或者短语 组成的介词加上名词或者短语表示处所。 Such preposition and nouns or noun phrases to make up the structure of “preposition plus noun or noun phrase” indicates location. 所谓处所就是地方 主要的有哪些呢？有"在、 从、 朝、 向、 往"等。 Location means place, mainly including “in, from, to, towards, forward” etc. 我们来看一下例子 看一下第一个例子：①我在家住，不住学校 Let’s look at some examples. The first one: ①I live at home, not in the school. 那么"在"是个介词，"家"是一个名词，所以呢表示一个地方 在家是在地方。 The word “zai(at) is a preposition and “jia(home)” is a noun. So, they indicate a location. “At home” means in a certain place. 第二例：大家往里走走。 The second example, everybody please move into the inner house. "往"是一个介词 "里"是个名词方位词，名词中的方位词，所以它们呢一起表示一个 The word “wang(into) is a preposition and “li(inner house)” is a noun of locality. They work to indicate 处所或者是一个方向。 a place or direction together. （三）表示对象的 这类介词与名词或者短语组成的介词加名词短语表示对象 (III)indicating subject Such preposition plus nouns or noun phrases indicates subject. 主要有什么呢？"对、 对于、 关于、 向、 朝、 给、 What does it include? “for, about, to, toward, to, 和、 跟、 同 替、 为、 把、 被"等等 我们来看一下例子。 with, for, ba(the symbol of object),bei(-ed)”. Let’s turn to some examples. 第一例：我对汉语 很有兴趣，所以我学习汉语。 The first one, I am interested in Chinese, so I learn Chinese. 对汉语 "对"是个介词，"汉语"是名词，表示呢对象，就是感兴趣的对象是汉语 “Dui(in)” is a preposition and “Chinese” is a noun. They indicate subject. That is to say, the subject of being interest is Chinese. 第二：妹妹想和我们一起去，你同意吗？"和"是个介词 The second one, my sister wants to go together with us. Do you agree? “He(with)” is a preposition. 这个"我们"是一个代词，那么它表示什么呢？一起去的对象 注意 “Us” is a pronoun. What does it mean? The subject of “go together”. Attention! 汉语有"对"和"对于"两个介词。 In Chinese, there are two prepositions like “dui(to)” and “dui yu(towards)”. 这两个介词就是学生学习的时候 很容易混在一起，就是弄不清楚 Students often mix these two words up. They can’t make it clear. 下面我们就简单的来看一看它们有什么区别和联系 （1）"对"可以表示动作的对象，"对于"是不能。
Next we will go through their differences and relation.
（1）“dui(to)” can indicate the subject of an action while “dui yu(towards)” can’t. 我们来看一看第一个例子 他对我笑了笑 Let’s look at the first example: he smiled at me. 对我笑了笑，也就是笑的时候这个对象是什么呢？是我 所以呢用"对"，用"对"，不能用"对于"。
“Smiled at me” indicates who the subject of smile is. It is “me”.
So we should use “dui(to)” rather than “dui yu(towards)” 第二个：妈妈对 弟弟说："明天再去，可以吗？"。 The second one, mom said to my brother:” We will go there tomorrow, ok?” 这个"对弟弟"是说的对象 那么这个时候我们说用"对"，不能用"对于" “To my brother” is the subject of “said”. So we use “dui(to)” rather than “dui yu(towards)” （2）"对"和"对于"都可以表示对待 对待关系，但"对"呢可以用于人和人之间的关系 （2）Both the words “dui(to)” and “dui yu(towards)” can indicate treating each other, but the word “dui(to)” can be used to describe the relationship between humans. 也可以用在能愿动词、 副词的前边或者是后边 And “dui(to)” can also be used before or after auxiliary verbs or adverbs. "对于"呢不能用于人和人之间的关系，也不能用在能愿动词的后面 The word “dui yu(towards)” can neither be used to describe the relationship between humans nor after auxiliary verbs. 我们来看一下例子就比较清楚了。 Let’s look at some examples to make it clear. 我们看第一个例子：老师对我们很好 老师对我们很好是说什么呢？我们和老师之间的关系 是很好。
Let’s look at the first example, our teacher is kind to us. What does it mean? It means that we get along well with our teacher. 这个时候我们说只能用"对" 不能用"对于"，不能用"对于"。 At this time, we can only use “dui(to)” rather than “dui yu(towards)”. 再看一下 第二例：他对客人不热情、 不热情。 Once more, the second example: He is not warm to the guests. 那么这个对呢也是用于什么呢？ 人和人之间的关系。 How is the word “dui(to)” used? Relationship between humans. 也就是说他和客人之间的关系 所以这个时候呢也只能用"对"，不能用"对于" That is to say, the relationship between the guests and him. So we can only use “dui(to)” rather than “dui yu(towards)”. 再看一下第三例：我们会对他的住处 做出安排的。 Let’s turn to the third example: we will make arrangements for his accommodation. 这个"对他的住处"是一个介词加上名词短语 The phrase “for his accommodation” is a preposition plus a noun phrase. 它前面出现了什么呢？会，我们前面讲过，"会"是能愿动词 What’s before it? “Hui(will)”. As we have said before, “will” is an auxiliary verb. 所以呢"对"加上一个名词短语可以放在这个"会"的，能愿动词的后面 So the combination of the word “dui(to)” plus a noun phrase can be placed after the auxiliary verb, “will”. 第四个：相反我们看 他对这件事会有看法的。 The forth: on the contrary, we think he will have some comments on this thing. 这个"会有看法的"。 There is a phrase “have some comments”. 那么"对" 是介词加上"这件事"是名词短语，那么"会"是一个能愿动词，那么 It consists of the preposition “dui(to)” plus noun phrase “this thing”. The word “will” is an auxiliary verb. So, "对这件事"呢放在了"会"的前面去了，第三例是"会"放在 “On this thing” is placed before “hui(will)”. In the third example, “hui(will) is placed "对"加上名词短语的前面，所以这个语序发生了 变化。 before “dui(to)” plus noun phrase. The word order changed. 那么这③和④都是成立的，很好的句子 但是呢，我们说"对于"，那么 So both the example③ and ④ are ok. These are good examples. However, for “dui yu(towards)”, 情况就不是这样，不能这样用 我们再看第五例 things are different. It doesn’t work that way. Let’s turn to the fifth example. 你对这件事有什么看法？这个句子是成立的。 Do you have any comments on this thing? This sentence is correct. 我们也可以用 "对于"。 We can also use “dui yu(towards)”. 你对于这件事情有什么看法？也就是说，第五例 可以用"对"，也可以用"对于"。 Do you have any comments dui yu this thing? That is to say, in the fifth example, we can use both “dui(to)” and “dui yu(towards)”. 第六例 抽烟对身体没有好处，也可以说抽烟对于身体没有好处。 The sixth one: smoking does no good to(dui) our health. That is to say, smoking does no good dui yu our health. 也就是说这种情况下 "对"和"对于"可以互换，是没有问题的。 That is to say, in such a situation, “dui(to)” and “dui yu(towards)” can exchange with each other.
It’s right. （3）简单地来说 能用"对于"的地方一般都能用"对"，但是呢能用"对"的地方，有的不能用"对于"
（3）Simply speaking
When we use “dui yu(towards)”, generally we can also use “dui(to)” . However, “dui yu(towards)”sometimes can’t replace “dui(to)”. "对"多用于口语，"对于"呢多用于书面语 “Dui(to)” is mostly used in oral Chinese while “dui yu(towards)” in written language. （四）表示目的的 这类介词与名词或者短语、 (IV)indicating purpose Such preposition plus noun or noun phrases, 动词或者短语等组成的结构表示目的 主要有"为或为了"。 verb or verb phrases indicates purpose, mainly including “for or because of” 我们看一下，第一：为了你，我们 被老师批评了一顿。 Let’s see. First: because of you, we were criticized by our teacher. 为了你，那么为了是什么呢？为了你，"你"是目的 第二个：为学习汉语，他去中国留了一年学。
What does the phrase “wei le(because of) “ in “because of you” mean? The word “You” is the purpose.
The second one: for learning Chinese, he has studied in China for one year. 这个"为 学习汉语"也是目的，所以呢都表示这样的 "为"或者"为了"加上名词或者名词短语的时候
The phrase “for learning Chinese” is the purpose. So, when there is a combination of
“for” or “because of” plus noun or noun phrase, 那么都是表示目的的，表示目的 应该注意的是，就是"为了..."一般作为 It indicates purpose. We should pay attention to that “Wei le(because of)” is generally used 第一个，注意，第一个分句，一般作为第一个分句 firstly, attention, the first clause. It is generally used in the first clause. 就是为了这样的一个引导的一个分句啊，一般是作为第一个分句 That is to say, to lead a clause, generally as the first clause. 有时为了强调，也可以放在呢后面作为第二个分句 Sometimes, for emphasis, it can also be placed behind, as the second clause. 但是"为了"的要特别注意 为了什么什么这个分句的前边应该加上"是" However, when we use “wei le(because of)”, we should pay attention especially to that the word “is” should be added before theclause “because of…”. 我们看一下例子就比较清楚，第一例：我到中国来，为了学习汉语 Let’s look at some examples to make it clear. The first one: I come to China in order to learn Chinese. 这个句子是错误的，为什么？就是因为"为了学习汉语"这个分句放在了 This sentence is wrong. Why? Because the clause “in order to learn Chinese” is placed "我到中国来"的后面了，也就是作为了第二个分句，所以呢这样的句子是错误的 after “I come to China” as the second clause. So the sentence is wrong. 那么应该说什么呢？应该说我到中国来是为了，用个"是" So what should we say? We should say why I come to China is to… . We put a word “shi(is)” 放在"为了"的前面，是为了学习汉语，这个句子就对了 第二个：大家这么做，为了你。 before “wei le(to)”. If we say “ is to learn Chinese”, the sentence is correct. The second one: everybody does it for you. 那么这个句子也是错了，那么情况是和例①是一样的，所以呢应该说什么呢？ 大家这么做是为了你。
The sentence is wrong, too. It is the same as example①. So what should we say?
What everybody does is for you. 就是"为了"它的 前面呢加上一个动词"是"，这个一点要特别的注意 很容易错。 We add a link verb “shi(is)” right before “for”. So we should pay attention to it. It is easy to make mistakes. （五）表示原因的 这类介词和名词短语等组成的介词加名词短语 (V)indicating reasons Such preposition and nouns or noun phrases to make up the structure of “preposition plus noun or noun phrase” 它表示什么呢？表示原因，主要有什么？"为，由于"等 indicates reasons. Such preposition mainly includes “for, because of” 我们来看一下例子：大家为你取得的成绩而感到骄傲，这个"为你"就是因为你 取得的成绩表示呢感到骄傲。
Let’s look at some examples: we are proud of you for your achievement. The phrase “for your achievement” means because of your achievement. 那么为你取得成绩是什么意思？就是因为你 第二个：由于各种原因，旅游最后取消了。 What does it mean by saying “for your achievement”? It’s because of you. The second one: because all kinds of reasons, the journey was cancelled. 这个更是表示原因了 原因。 This also indicates a reason. （六）表示依据的 (VI)indicating basis 这类介词与名词或者短语组成的介词或者名词短语，表示行为动作的依据 Such preposition plus noun or noun phrases to make up the structure of preposition or noun phrases indicates the basis of a behavior act, 或者是凭借，主要有这样一些介词"按、 按照、 根据、 凭、 照" 等。 mainly including prepositions like “according, on the basis of, by virtue of, in line with” 我们来看两个例子。 Let’s look at two examples. 第一个：按照学校规定，你必须今年毕业 The first one, according to the school regulation, you have to graduate this year. 那么你必须今年毕业的依据是什么呢？就是"学校的规定"，所以呢我们说表示依据 What’s the basis of “you have to graduate this year”? It’s “the school regulation”. So we say it indicates basis. 第二例：大家照我说的做！这个做的依据是什么？就是"我说的" The second one: everybody acts in line with what I said! What does the basis of “do”? “What I said.” 所以呢"这个照我说呢"也是一种依据，或者是凭借 二. So, “in line with what I said” indicates a basis. Second, 介词的作用。 the role of preposition 介词不能单独充当句子成分 Preposition can’t act as a sentence component independently. 介词加上名词或者短语等一般是做状语，有些可以做定语、 补语等 （一）做状语。 The combination of preposition plus noun or phrase is often used as adverbial modifiers, some as attributes, complements sometimes. (I)as adverbial modifiers. 做状语是介词加上名词或者名词短语的 最常见的用法。 It is a common usage for preposition plus noun or phrase to be adverbial modifiers. 我们看第一例，爸爸给我买了一辆新自行车 "给我"是做这个介词，所谓的短语呢是做 状语的。
Let’s look at the first example. My father bought a new bike for me. “For me” as a preposition phrase, act as adverbial modifiers. 第二例：大学生都在学校住。 The second example: college students live in school. 在学校 做什么呢？动词"住"的状语、 状语 （二）做定语。 What’s the role of “in school”? The adverbial modifier of the verb “live”. (II)as attributes 我们来看一下例子，第一个 关于这件事的处理意见，下个星期才能知道。 Let’s look at some examples. The first one, we will learn the handling suggestions about the matter until next week. "关于"是个介词 这件事是个名词短语，那么它们放在一起做什么呢？"处理意见"的定语 “Guan yu(about)” is a preposition and “the matter” is a noun phrase. What’s the role of them putting together? The attributive of “handling suggestions”. 第二例：爸爸、 妈妈对我们的爱我们一辈子也还不完。 The second example, our fathers and mothers’ love for us is more than we could ever pay back for our whole life. 这个"对"是个 介词。 The word “dui(for)” is a preposition. "对我们的爱"，这是一个什么呢？名词短语 那么它"对我们"是一个名词短语，那么它做什么呢？
What’s the role of “love for us”? It’s a noun phrase.
“For us” is a noun phrase. What does it do? "爱"的定语，所以呢也是一个做定语的 情况。 The attributive of “love”. So it is used as attributive. （三）做补语。 (III) Used as complement 我们来看例子，第一个 把书送到图书馆就可以了。 Let’s look at some examples. The first one, just send the books to the library. 这个"送"是个动词 "到图书馆"是一个介词加上名词。 The word “send” is a verb and “to the library” is preposition plus noun. 那么"到图书馆"这个 介词加名词短语呢做"送"的补语 The combination of preposition plus noun, “to the library” acts as the complement of “send”. 第二个：飞机什么时候飞往北京？"往"是一个介词，"北京"是个名词短语，它做"飞"的- 什么呢？
The second one: When will the plane fly to Beijing? “Wang(to)” is a preposition and “Beijing” is a noun. What’s the role of it following the word “fly”? 做"飞"这个动词的补语 It acts as the complement of the verb “fei(fly)”.
