第三节，连词。 Section 3 conjunction 一，连词的类别和作用 连接词、 短语或成分的词叫做连词 First, the type and role of conjunction The word or phrase that connects words, phrases or elements is called a conjunction. 连词可以根据连接的成分分类，也可以根据表示的意义 进行分类。 Conjunction can be divided either according to the elements it connect or its meaning. （一）根据连接成分分类 连词可以根据连接的成分分为如下三类 1. (I) According to the elements they connect, conjunctions can be divided into three types 1. 连接词和短语的 有些连词只能用来连接词或者短语 To link words and phrases Some conjunctions can only be used to link words and phrases 不能用来连接分句，像"和、 跟、 与、 but not for sub-sentence, like “he, gen, yu, 及"等 这些词一般连接名词或名词短语。 ji”. They often link nouns or noun phrases. 例如我们看两个例子，看第一个 我喜欢吃包子、 饺子和面条。 Let’s look at two examples. The first one, I like baozi, dumplings and noodles. 这个"和"连接的是什么呢？饺子、 面条，是名词 What does the word “he(and)” link? Dumplings, noodles. They are nouns. 第二：校长与各班老师出席了这次会议。 The second one: the principle and teachers from each class attended the meeting. 这个"与" 是校长和各班老师的意思，所以也是连接了名词和名词短语 The word “yu” means “and”, the principle and teachers from each class, which means this word links nouns and noun phrases. 注意，"和"呢不能用来连接分句 Attention! The word “he(as well as)” can’t be used to link two clauses. 也就是说，"和"不能用在两个句子之间，起个连接的作用。 That is to say, we can’t use “he” between sentences to link them. 我们来看下面的 句子。 Let’s look at sentences below. 第一：我来中国学习汉语，和了解中国文化。 The first one: I come to China for learning Chinese as well as I learn about Chinese culture. 那么这个句子是错误的 也就是说外国学生非常容易出现这样的错误 This sentence is wrong. Foreign students often make such mistakes. 错误在什么地方呢？就是因为这个"和"连接的是什么呢？ Which part is wrong? It’s because the word “he(as well as)” links 连接了"了解中国文化"，而"了解中国文化"是一个什么呢？是一个分句 也是个小句，所以这个句子就错了。
“learn about Chinese culture” which is a sub-sentence,
a clause. So it’s wrong. 那正确的应该怎么说呢？我来 中国学习汉语，了解中国文化。 What’s the correct one? I come to China for learning Chinese, learn about Chinese culture. 也就是说，这个"和"应该去掉 应该去掉。 That is to say, the word “he” should be deleted. 我们再看第二例：昨天下雨，和刮风，和刮很大的风 Let’s look at the second example: it rained and blew yesterday and(he) it blew heavily. 这个句子同样是错，为什么？也是因为"刮很大的风"是一个，也是一个小句 那么"和"用在这个地方就不合适。
The sentence is wrong, too. Why? That’s because “it blew heavily” is a clause.
So, we should not use “he” here. 所以应该怎么改呢？ 应该说，昨天下雨，并且刮很大的风，"和"改成"并且"就很好了 So, how should we change? It should be it rained and blew heavily. It would be better to change “he” to “bing qie”. 2. 2. 连接分句的 大部分连词只能用来连接分句，像"不但、 To link clauses. Most conjunctions can be used to link clauses, like “not only, 而且、 虽然、 但是、 因为、 所以 既然、 尽管、 but also, although, but, because, so, since, even though, 只要"等，我们来看两个例子 第一个，天气不好，所以运动会取消了。 as long as” etc. Let’s look at two examples. The first one, the weather was unfavorable, so the sports meeting was cancelled. 这个"所以"连接的是什么呢？ "运动会取消了"是一个小句，所以它连接的是一个 分句。 What does the word “so” link? “The sports meeting was cancelled” is a clause. The word “so” connects two sentences. 第二，只要努力学习，一定能学好汉语，只要 连接的是什么呢？"努力学习"，"努力学习"呢也是一个小句 3.
The second one, as long as we study hard, we will learn Chinese well. What does the word “zhi yao(as long as) link? “Study hard”. It is also a clause. 3. 连接词或者短语和分句的 有些连词能连接词或者短语，又能连接分句 像"还是、 To link words or phrases and clauses. Some conjunctions can link not only words or phrases but also clauses, like “hai shi(still)”, 或、 或者、 而"等，我们来看一下 两个例子，第一个，我去上海或北京，这个"或"连接的是什么呢？
or, while”. Let’s see two examples. The first one, I go to Shanghai or Beijing. What does the word “huo(or)” link? 连接的是"上海"和"北京"，所以是两个词。 It links “Shanghai” and “Beijing”. They are two words. 那第二例：或你去 或她去，这个"或"连接的是什么呢？连接的是"你去" The second one: either you or she will go. What does the word “huo(or)” link? It links “you go” "她去"，而"你去"和"她去"是什么呢，是两个分句，两个分句 and “she go” which are two clauses. （二）根据意义分类 (II)divided according to meanings 而根据意义，可以把连词分为以下这几类。 According to meanings, conjunctions can be divided into the following types. 1. 1. 并列连词 所连接的成分是并列关系 coordinating conjunction The conjunction that link two coordinating elements 这样的连词叫做并列连词，所谓并列就是说没有主次的分别 也就是重要性是一样的。 is called a coordinating conjunction.. Coordination means there is no such things as primary or secondary and they are equally important. 这样的并列连词主要 有什么呢？"和、 或者、 或、 还是、 一边、 而"等。 What do such conjunctions include? “and, or, still, as, while” and so on. 我们来看两个例子。 Let’s look at two examples. 我和爸爸都喜欢打篮球。 Both my father and I like playing football. "我"和"爸爸"，那我 和爸爸，那个爸爸，我、 爸爸呢是两个并列成分。 “My father” and “I” are two coordinating elements. 第二个：这次去上海或者北京。 The second one: This time, I will go to Shanghai or Beijing. "上海"或者"北京" 也是一个并列关系，也就是说没有主次的分别 2. “Shanghai or Beijing” also indicates a coordinating relationship. That is to say, there is no difference in primary or secondary position. 2. 承接连词 所连接的成分表示的行为动作或者是事件有 continuing conjunction. Elements they link show that there is an order 先后顺序之分，也就是说，有前后的区别 among behavior acts or events. That is to say, there is difference in primary or secondary position. 那这样的连词叫做什么呢？承接连词，常见的承接连词主要有什么呢？"于是、 接着、 然后"等。
What is such conjunction called? Continuing conjunction. What are some common continuing conjunctions? They mainly includ “whereupon, then, and then”. 我们来看两个例子。 Let’s look at two examples. 昨天路过故宫，于是 就进去看了看。 I passed the Palace Museum, whereupon I went in and visited it. 这个"于是"是说，路过 故宫的时候，顺便进去看了，这个"于是"连接了 It means I dropped in at the Palace Museum when passing by. The word “yu shi(whereupon) links "进去看了看"和"路过故宫"这两个分句。 two clauses, “went in and visited” and “passed the Palace Museum”. 第二个：他说完了，你接着 说。 The second one: after he finishes talking, then you will be the next. 那么"接着"连接的是什么呢？也是一个承接关系，也就是说完了之后 你再说，这样的意思。 What does the word “jie zhe(then)” link? It is a continuing relationship. That is to say, after he finishes, you will continue. 3. 3. 递进连词 连接的分句后一个比前一个程度高，这样的连词呢叫做递进连词 progressive conjunction In a sentence where the clause after the conjunction is at a higher degree than the one before, the conjunction is called progressive conjunction. 递进连词主要有"不但、 而且、 不仅、 甚至"等，例如 我们来看两个例子。 Progressive conjunctions mainly include “not merely, but also, not only, even” etc. Let us turn to some examples. 第一个：弟弟不但会说日语，还会说英语 那么，"会说英语"要比"会说日语"呢更好或者是更难
The first one: my brother can not only speak Japanese, but also English.
It is better or more difficult to speak English than Japanese. 第二个：妈妈没去过颐和园，甚至连天安门都没去过。 The second one, my mom has never been to the Summer Palace, nor even the Tian'anmen Square. 也就是说 天安门没去过这个程度要比去颐和园更高 所以是一种递进关系。 That is say, “has never been to the Tian'anmen Square” is at a higher degree than “has never been to the Summer Palace”, so it is progressive. 4. 4. 转折连词。 adversative conjunction 连接的分句 一个叙述一种事实，另一个表示与该事实相反或相对的情况 One of the clauses that adversative conjunctions link tells a fact while the other tells the contrary one. 常见的转折连词呢，主要有什么呢，"虽然、 但是、 可是、 不过"等，我们来看两个例子。
Common adversative conjunctions mainly include “although, but,
nevertheless, while”. Let’s look at two examples. 这儿的东西虽然很贵 但是很好。 Thing here are expensive, but of high quality. "贵"和"很好"是相对的 第二个：他以前学过汉语，可是呢 现在全忘了。 “Gui(expensive)” and “hen hao(high quality)” are the contrary. The second one, He has learnt Chinese before, but he forgets everything now. "学过"和"忘"也是相反或者相对的 5. “Has learnt” and “forgets” are also the contrary. 5. 因果连词 所连接的分句表示原因或结果的连词叫做因果连词，常见的因果连词啊 Causal conjunction The conjunction that link a clause that indicates reasons or results is called . causal conjunctions. Common causal conjunctions 主要有"因为、 所以、 因此、 由于、 既然、 那么" 我们来看两个例子。 mainly include “because, so, therefore, because, since, then”. Let’s look at two examples. 第一个，因为 明天下雨，所以比赛取消了。 The first one, it is going to rain tomorrow, so the contest is cancelled. 也就是说，"明天下雨"是 原因，"比赛取消"是结果。 That is to say, “It is going to rain tomorrow” is a reason and “the contest is cancelled” is a result. 第二个，由于没有复习，这次没有考好 "由于"表示的是什么呢，原因，"这次没有考好"也是一种结果，所以叫因果关系
The second one, because I didn’t review well, I didn’t get good results this time.
What does “because” indicates? The reason. “I didn’t get good results this time” indicates the result. So we call it causality. 6. 6. 条件连词 所在的分句表示条件的连词叫做条件连词 Conditional conjunction The conjunction that link a clause indicating conditions is called . conditional conjunction. 常见的条件连词主要有"只要、 只有、 除非、 无论、 不论、 不管"等。 Common conditional conjunctions mainly include “as long as, only, unless, no matter…, -ever, although”. 我们来看两个例子。 Let’s look at two examples. 第一个例子：只有明天不下雨，比赛 才能进行。 The first one: only if it doesn’t rain tomorrow will the contest continue. 也就是说，"明天不下雨"是一个条件 所以呢这是一个，"只有"是个条件连词。 That is to say, “it doesn’t rain tomorrow” is a condition. So, “only if” is a conditional conjunctions. 第二例：只要明天不下雨 比赛就进行。 The second one, If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, the contest will continue. 那么"明天不下雨"呢 也是个条件，所以呢"只要"也是一个表示条件的连词 7. “It doesn’t rain tomorrow” is also a condition, so the word “only if “ is a conjunction indicating conditions. 7. 假设连词。 Hypothetic conjunction 所在的分句表示一种假设 或者推论的连词，叫做假设连词。 The conjunction that link a clause indicating suppose or inference is called hypothetic conjunction. 假设连词主要有什么呢？"如果、 那么、 要是、 假如"等。 What do hypothetic conjunctions mainly include? “if, so, suppose, provided that” 我们来看两个例子。 Let’s look at two examples. 第一个 这本书如果学不完，下个学习接着学。 The first one, if we don’t finish this book, we will continue next semester. "学不完"是 一种假设，也就是说不是一种真实的情况，或者是没有发生的情况 “Don’t finish” is a hypothesis. That is to say, it is not real or yet to happen. 所以呢"如果"表示一种假设。 So, the word “if” indicates a hypothesis. 第二：要是我有钱，就去旅游 "要是我有钱"，"我有钱"这也是一种假设，也不是一种真实的情况
Second, if I have money, I will go travelling.
“Have money” is also a hypothesis, not the reality. 所以呢，也是一种，"要是"也是一种什么呢，假设连词 8. So, the word “yao shi(if)” is also a hypothetic conjunction. 8. 让步连词。 Concessive conjunction 所在分句啊，表示让步 条件的连词叫做让步连词。 The conjunction that link a clause indicating concession is called concessive conjunction. 让步连词主要有"即使、 就是、 就算、 哪怕、 尽管、"等。 Concessive conjunctions mainly include “even if, exactly, even though, although” etc. 我们来看两个例子 ①那本书非常有名，即使没有看过 也应该听说过。 Let’s look at two examples ①That book is very famous. Even if you haven’t read it, you should have ever heard of it. "没看过"也是一种什么，让步假设，就是退一步来说 的一种假设关系。 “Haven’t read it” is concessive assumption which is an assumption that concedes. 第二：就是你们都不去 我也要去。 The second one: even if all of you don’t go, I will go. 这个"你们都不去"呢也是一种假设，让步，就是退一步说 “All of you don’t go” is an assumption, a concession. 这样的意思，所以呢，"就是"呢也是一种让步连词 9. So, “even if” is also a concessive conjunction. 9. 目的连词。 conjunction of purpose 所在的分句啊，表示目的的 连词叫做目的连词。 The conjunction that link a clause indicating purpose is called conjunction of purpose. 目的连词主要有什么呢？"以免、 以便、 免得、 省得" 等。 Conjunctions of purpose mainly include “lest, so that, in case that” 我们来看两个例子。 Let’s look at two examples. 第一个，少要一点儿菜，以免 浪费。 The first one, we should order less food lest we waste it. 这个"以免"就是避免浪费这种情况的出现 The word “yi mian(lest)” means to avoid wasting food. 所以"浪费"呢，就是避免这种浪费这种情况的出现呢 实际上就是说，我们说是一个目的。 So, to avoid a certain situation is actually a purpose. 第二个：带上伞，免得 下雨。 The second one: take the umbrella in case that it rains. 就是为了避免出现下雨 这样情况的发生，所以也是一个目的，也是一个目的 10. To avoid the situation of raining is also a purpose. 10. 取舍连词。 trade-off conjunction 所在的分句啊表示不同的情况 说话者只选择其一，这样的连词呢叫做取舍连词 The conjunction that link a clause indicating a different situation is called trade-off conjunction. 取舍连词主要有什么呢？"宁可、 宁愿、 要么、 与其、 不如"等 我们来看两个例子。 Trade-off conjunctions mainly include “would rather, prefer, either, would rather do than do”. Let’s look at two examples. 第一个：与其你去，不如我去 The first one: Instead of you, I will go. 那就是说你去或我去，这里面只取其一的话，就是说 我去是最好的。 That is to say, to choose “you” or “I”, “I” would be a better choice. 第二个：宁可待在家里，也不去看电影。 The second one: I would rather say at home than go to the cinema. 那就是说，待在家里 是一种情况，不去看电影也是一种情况，这两种情况下我们择其一，就是说待在家里是最-
That is to say, “stay at home” is one of the situations while “not go to the cinema” is another. If we have to choose one of them, “stay at home” is the 好的选择 二，连词在句中的位置 连词一般出现在主语前后，都可以 better choice. Second, position of a conjunction in a sentence. Conjunctions generally appear before or after the subject. Both are okay. 但是呢个别呢只能出现在主语前，也有个别呢只能出现在主语的后边 下面我们来具体地看一下。
However, some can only be used before the subject while some after.
Let’s turn to some specific examples. 我们看第一例，要是你不想去就算了 这个"要是"是一个连词 The first one, if you don’t want to go, it’s ok. The word “if” is a conjunction. 那么我们看，它只能出现在主语"你"的前边，"要是你不想去"，"你"是主语 Let’s see, it can only be placed before “you” and “you” is the subject of the sentence “if you don’t want to go”. 好，那么我们也可以说成"你要是不想去 就算了"。 Ok, we can also say “You, if don’t want to go, it’s ok.” 这个"要是"呢也是个连词，但是"你"呢跑到这个主语的 跑到"要是"的前面，也就是说"要是"在主语的后面
The word “yao shi(if)” is also a conjunction, but it is after the subject “you”.
That is to say, ““yao shi(if)” is after the subject. 那么这种情况下，也就是说，这样的两种说法都可以 In this situation, both are ok. 第二例：我不但会说，"不但"是一个连词，汉语，而且会说日语 The second example, I can not only speak Chinese, but also Japanese. 那个"不但"呢，只能在"我"的后面，"我"的后面。 The phrase “bud an(not only)” acts as a conjunction and it can only be placed after the word “I”. 第三例：要么你去 要么我去。 Example three, either you or I will go. "你"是个主语，"我"也是个主语，那么 "要么"呢只能在主语"你"和"我"的前面 Both “you” and “I” are subjects. So, the word “yao me(either) can only be put before “you” and “I”. 今天的课就到此结束，谢谢大家！ Today’s class is coming to the end. Thank you!
