本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时 6：程度补语
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现代汉语核心语法
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与讲师见面
Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
五，程度补语，表示性质或状态的 程度的补语叫做程度补语。 Section five, the complement of degree, a word or phrase which illustrates the degree, manner or nature is called the complement of degree.
程度补语有两类 一，形容词/动词+程度补语+了 There are two types of complement of degree, first, adjective/verb + complement of degree + 了.
"形容词/动词+程度补语+了"中的 "程度补语"主要有"极、 多、 The complements of degree in the form "adjective/verb + complement of degree" mainly have words such as 极, 多,
坏、 死、 透、 远"等 我们来看一下例子，第一例，天气好极了！这个"极"就表示一种 好的程度很高。
坏, 死, 透, 远 etc.
Let's look at examples, first example, (the weather is wonderful)! The word 极 illustrates a high degree of wonderful.
第二例，今天累坏了，这个"坏"不是真的坏 实际上也就是表示累的程度很高的意思。 Second example, (I'm really tired today), the word 坏 doesn't mean bad, it actually specifies a high degree of tired.
注意， 1. Pay attention, 1.
这种程度补语后面一般要带"了"，也就是说，我们看一下都有"了" 没有"了"，这个句子就不成立，或站不住。
this kind of complement of degree is generally followed by 了,
Without 了, it cann't be a sentence.
我们再看一下这个例子，第一 今天热极。 Let's look at this example, first, (it's awfully hot today).
这个"极"是一个程度补语，但是我们看这个句子是不能说的 是错的，那么正确的句子应该说 The word 极 is a complement of degree, but this is a wrong sentence, and the right expression should be
今天热极了，加上"了"就没有问题了 我们再看一个例子：他气坏 今天热极了, that's ok with 了. Let's look at another example: (he was so angry).
"坏"也是一个程度补语，但是呢这个 句子不成立，应该说"他气坏了"，加上"了"就可以了
The word 坏 is also a complement of degree, however it
can't form a sentence, we should say 他气坏了, that's right with 了.
二，"极" "多"用于积极意义 也可用于消极意义。 Second, 极, 多 can be used to express both positive and negative meaning.
所谓积极意义，就是好的方面 消极意义是什么呢？就是不好的方面。 The so-called positive means the good aspects. What's the negative? It refers to the bad things.
"坏" "死"呀多用于消极意义 "透" "远"只用于消极意义，我们来看一下例子 坏 and 死 are generally used to express the positive meaning while 透 and 远 can only be used to illustrate the negative meaning,
Let's look at examples.
第一个，他的汉语棒极了，这个"极"是什么呢 是积极意义，也就是说是好的方面 First, (his Chinese is terrific), what does the word 极 express? It's positive, i.e., the good aspects.
第二个，他这几天忙坏了，这个"坏"表示什么？消极意义，就是不好的方面 Second, (he's awfully busy these days), what does the word 坏 express? Negative meaning, i.e., the bad things.
第三，我比你差远了，这个"远" 也是程度补语，但是是消极意义的，也就是说不好的方面，不好的方面
Third, (my levels is not half as yours), the word 远
is also a complement of degree, however it's negative, i.e., bad things.
三，宾语在"形容词/动词+程度补语+了"中的位置 Third, position of object in the form of "adjective/verb + complement of degree + 了"
宾语位于"形容词/动词+程度补语+了"的后面 The object comes after "adjective/verb + complement of degree + 了".
我们看一下例子，第一例，我恨透了那个人 "那个人"是什么？是宾语，放在程度补语"透"的后面
Let's look at examples, first example, (I deeply hate that person).
What is the phrase 那个人? It's an object, follows the complement of degree 透.
第二例，别累坏了孩子，这个程度补语 后面加上带"了"宾语，"孩子"放在后面 Second example, (don't let the child so tired), this complement of degree is followed by the object 了, and the phrase 孩子 comes last.
二，形容词/动词+得+程度补语 "形容词/动词+得+程度补语"中的 Second, "adjective/verb + 得 + complement of degree". The complements of degree in "adjective/verb + 得 + complement of degree"
"程度补语"主要有"很、 慌、 多、 要死、 要命、 不行、 够呛、 厉害、 mainly have 很, 慌, 多, 要死, 要命, 不行, 够呛, 厉害,
可以、 不得了"等 我们来看一下例子，第一例，今天热得很 可以, 不得来, etc. Let's see examples, first example, (it's so hot today).
这个"很"是什么意思呢？表示热得很厉害，程度很高，第二例 屋里闷得慌，咱们出去走走吧。
What does the word 很 mean? It specifies the weather is so hot. Second example,
(I am terribly bored in the room, let's go out for a walk).
这个"慌"也是一种程度 第二，我饿得不行，这个"不行"呀也是一种程度补语 The word 慌 also represents a degree. Second, (I'm starved), the phrase 不行 is also a complement of degree.
所以呢，买点吃的去，也是程度，表示程度 So, buy something to eat, it represents a degree.
注意，一，除了"慌"表示的 程度可以高，也可能不高外，也这个"慌"呀 Pay attention here, first, only 慌 can express a degree of high , i.e., when the word 慌
放在做补语，程度补语的时候呢，可以是很高的程度，也可以是一般的，不高的 acts as a complement of degree, it can express a degree of high or not high.
那么其他的表示的程度都很高，但是存在着程度上的差别 Other complements of degree represent a high degree, however there are different levels.
那么这种差别大致如下：比如说"要死" "要命"是最高的程度，然后其次是"不得了"、 "不行"
The different levels are as follow, such as 要死 and 要命 express the meaning of extremely, and then 不得了,
不行.
然后是什么呢？"够呛"、 "厉害"，然后是"很"、 "可以"、 "多" 那就是说"要死"、
What are the next? 够呛, 厉害 and then 很, 可以, 多. 要死
"要命"是最高的程度，"很"、 "可以"、 "多"是程度比较低的，而其他的 and 要命 are the highest degree, and 很, 可以, 多 are the lower degree, and the others
处于这个中间的状态，中间的状态 二，能带"很" are in the middle levels. Second, there are lots of
"多" "不得了"做程度补语的形容词比较多 adjectives which can act as complement of degree with 很, 多 and 不得了.
但是"慌" "要命" "要死" "不行" "够呛" "厉害" However 慌, 要命, 要死, 不行, 够呛, 厉害
"可以" 一般做消极意义的形容词或者动词的补语 可以 are generally act as the complement of adjectives which express negative meaning or verbs.
也就是说他们有限制，我们来看一下例子，第一个 葡萄甜得很。 In other words, they are limited, let's look at examples, first, (the grapes are so sweet).
"甜"是好的，积极意义的 形容词。 The word 甜 is good, a positive adjective.
第二个，那个商店的东西贵得很 那么"贵"是消极意义，就是不好，不好 Second, (the stuff in that store are very expensive), so the word 贵 expresses a negative meaning, not good.
再看一个例子，坐的时间长了累得慌，这个"累" 是什么呢？消极意义，也是不好的。 Let's look at another example, (too much sitting make you tired), what does the word 累 mean? Negative meaning, not well.
第四例，今年夏天 热得要死，这个"热"呢也是消极意义，也是不好的方面。 The fourth example, (it's terrible hot this summer), the word 热 is also negative, not good.
