六. Section Six 数量补语（一）动量补语 用在动词后表示行为动作发生的次数的 The complement of quantity
Part one: the complement of frequency. A word or phrase attached to a verb to specify the frequency an action happens 叫做动量补语，我们来看一下例子。 is called the complement of frequency, let's look at examples. ① 推一下，这个一下是推这个动作发生的次数。 First, (push it), the phrase 一下 specifies the frequency of pushing. 第②个，你尝一口，一口是什么呢？是尝的次数。 Second, (take a taste), what does 一口 mean? It's the frequency of tasting. 啊，是数量。 And it specifies the quantity. 第③，上海我去过一趟，是去发生的次数。 Third, (I've been to Shanghai once), it specifies the frequency at which an action happens. 所以呢，这样的一下、 一口 一趟都是什么呢？动量补语。 So, what are such phrases like 一下, 一口, 一趟? The complements of frequency. "动词+动量补语"可以 带宾语，宾语表示事物的时候，这个条件一定要注意， "Verb + complement of frequency" can be followed by an object which represents a thing,
this condition should be paid attention to. 这个宾语是事物的时候，只能位于动量补语的后面。 When the object specifies a thing, it should come after complement of frequency. 这两个条件，一个是事物，一个是后面。 Here are two conditions, one is a thing, and the other is the location after complement of frequency. 那我们来看一下例子就比较清楚，我能看一下你的地图吗？ 是吧？一下，是一个动量补语。 Let's look at examples and will make it clear, (may I have a look at your map)? The phrase 一下 is a complement of frequency. 你的地图是一个宾语，我们看一下，你的地图是什么呢？是事物。 The phrase 你的地图 is an object, let's have a look, what is 你的地图? It's a thing, 表示是东西，所以呢放在这个动量补语的 后面，一下的后面。 which indicate something, therefore it comes after the complement of frequency 一下. 第二例，我们见过两次面。 Second example, (we've met twice before). 那么，两次是一个动量补语， So, the phrase 两次 is a complement of frequency, 动量补语，那么面是一个宾语，那么面是什么呢，也是表示事物。 complement of frequency, so the word 面 is an object, what does 面 mean, it also specifies a thing. 所以呢，它应该放在动量补语两次的后面，这个位置一定不要弄错。 Therefore, it comes after the complement of frequency 两次, don't make mistake about the position. 不要弄错。 Don't make mistake. 但是宾语为指人、 动物、 处所的名词的时候， However, when a noun object specifies a person, animal or location, 既可以位于动量补语前，也可以位于动量补语的后面，也就是说什么意思呢？ 宾语是人的、 it can either come before the complement of frequency or come after it, what does it mean?
When the object is a noun specifying a person, 动物的、 处所的这样的名词的时候，就比较自由， animal or location, it's used relatively free. 在动量补语的前面、 后面都没有问题。 It's all right that before or after the complement of frequency. 也就说不会错，不容易错，我们看一下例子，第①通知一下刘老师。 It won't be wrong or less error prone, let's look at examples, first example, (please inform teacher Liu). 刘老师是什么？是人，对吧？也可以说通知刘老师一下 也就是说在一下的后面可以，在一下的前面也可以。
What is 刘老师? A person, right? You can also say, 通知刘老师一下.
In other words, it can be put after 一下 or before 一下. 下一个例子，第② 拉一把你妹妹，你妹妹是什么？是人， 是吧？所以一把是补语，它在一把的后面，也可以说
Next example, second, (pull your sister up), what is 你妹妹? A person.
Right? So 一把 acts as complement of frequency and comes after 一把, you can also say 拉你妹妹一把，也就是说你妹妹这个宾语放在 一把的前边，啊前边。 拉你妹妹一把, the object 你妹妹 is placed before 一把. 宾语为代词的时候 多位于动量补语的前边，好，我们看一下例子。 When the pronoun is used as an object, it's always placed before complement of frequency, ok, let's look at examples. 老师看了他一眼，他是什么？ 他是一个代词，这个宾语，那么 (The teacher glanced at him), what does 他 specify, 他 is a pronoun, so the object 在动量补语的一眼的前边。 is placed before the complement of frequency 一眼. 第二例，告诉他们一下，一下这个补语 他们是什么，也是代词，所以呢它也在一下的前边。 Second example, (please tell them), the phrase 一下 acts as a complement of frequency, and 他们 is a pronoun,
so it comes before 一下. 告诉他们一下，明天上午考试。 Please tell them, there will be an exam tomorrow morning. 量词为"拳、 脚、 把、 巴掌、 刀、 When the measure words are 拳, 脚, 把, 巴掌, 刀, 枪'" 等时，宾语只能位于动量补语的前边。 and 枪, etc. the object can be only placed before the complement of frequency. 我们来看两个例子：例一，他打了我一拳。 Let's look at two examples, first example, (he gave me a blow). 我是宾语， 那么，拳就是我们前面说的，这个特殊的量词。 我 is an object, so 拳, as we said before, is a special measure word. 注意：1. Pay attention, 1. 宾语为事物名词时，只能位于动量补语后。 When the object is a noun representing a thing, it can be only placed after complement of frequency. 好，我们来看一下例子。 OK, let's look at examples. 第①例，你看书一下，书是什么？是宾语。 First example, you'd better look at the book, what is the book? An object. 是事物名词，表示是东西的，那么我们说书在一下的前面。 It's a noun representing a thing, so here 书 comes before 一下. 这个句子就错了。 So this is a wrong sentence. 那么应该说什么呢？你看一下书，书应该在一下的后面。 And what's the right expression? 你看一下书, 书 should be placed after 一下. 第②例，我每天洗澡两次，那么澡是宾语， Second example, (I shower twice each day), so 澡 acts as the object, 也是一个事物名词，表示东西，那么两次是一个补语， and is a noun representing a thing, so twice is a complement of frequency. 那么这个句子呢，澡在两次的前面是错了，应该说什么呢？我每天洗两次澡。 So this is an incorrect sentence because 澡 is placed before 两次, and what should we say? 我每天洗两次澡. 这个澡应该放在补语两次的后面。 The word 澡 should be placed after complement of frequency 两次. 2. 2. 动词后面可以带"了""过"，但是呢，不能带"着"。 The verbs can take 了 and 过, but can't be followed by 着. 我们来看一下例子啊，第①例，他们等了一会就走了。 Let's look at examples, first example, (they waited a moment and then gone). 这个补语，这个了 the complement is 了, 动词是等，是吧？第二例，那本书我看过两遍，这个过在动词 看的后面。 and the verb is 等 right? Second example, (I've read the book twice), the word 过 comes after the verb 看. 3. 3. "动词+动量补语" 可以用没有否定，但是必须出现 "Verb + complement of quantity" can be used in a negative form with 没有, but there have to be 对比项，我们来看一下例子就比较清楚，例①，我只看了 一遍，没（有）看两遍，所以呢 something to compare, let's look at examples to make it clear,
first example, (I only watched it once, not twice), therefore, 是对两遍的否定，那么它有一个对比，一遍和两遍的对比。 it's the negation of 两遍, so here is a contrast between 一遍 and 两遍. 第②例，只敲了两下，没（有）敲三下。 Second example, (knock it only twice, not three times). 那么对敲三下的否定是用没有，但是呢也有个对比。 So 没有 is used to negate 敲三下, but there is a contrast, 两下进行对比，三下和两下的对比，在假 a contrast between 三下 and 两下, in 设句或者疑问句中也可以用"不"进行否定，我们来看一下例子， ① 他不洗一下苹果我就不吃。
hypothetical sentences or questions we can also use 不 to negate, let's look at examples, first example,
(I won't eat apples unless he washes them). 那么"不"来否定"洗一下"。 So 不 is used to negate 洗一下. 那么这是一个假设句，它的意思就是说如果他不洗一下苹果， 我就不吃，是这样的意思，所以是假设的。
So this is a hypothetical sentence which means if he doesn't wash apple,
I won't eat, so it's hypothetical. 第②例，这么多钱，不再数一遍？ 那么用"不"来否定"数一遍"。 Second example, (so much money, not count again)? So 不 is used to negate 数一遍. 那么这是什么呢，这是一个问句，问句。 What's this? This is a question. （二）时量补语。 Part two: complement of duration 用在动词后表示行为动作或者状态持续的时间以及 行为动作从结束到说话时的时间的 叫做时量补语。
Those used after verbs to specify the duration of an action or state
are called complements of duration. 我们来看一下例子，第①个例子，我们等了两天，两天是一个时间， Let's look at examples, first example, (we've waited for two days), 两天 is a time, 时间的量，那么它表示呢，等的时间，持续了两天。 quantity of time, so it specifies the action of waiting lasts for two days. 第②，风刮了一个星期了，一个星期也是一段时间。 Second, (the wind blew a week), 一星期 is also a certain time. 所以呢，表示刮的时间是一个星期。 Therefore, it specifies the duration of blowing is a week. 时量补语主要有两类，一类表示行为动作或状态持续的时间，大家注意这个是 There are two kinds of complement of duration, one specifies the duration of an action or state, notice this is 持续的时间，一类是表示行为动作从 结束到说话时的这个时间。 duration, and the other specifies the time from the end of the action until now. 我们来看第一类：1. Let's look at the first, 1. 表示 行为动作或状态持续的时间，能带这类 complements specifying the duration of an action or state, those 时量补语的动词都是持续类动词。 verbs take the complement of duration are all state verbs. 啊持续类动词。 State verbs. 我们来看一下，那么也就是说 这些动词表示的行为动作都可以持续或者反复发生。 Let's have a look, that is to say, the action which the verbs indicate happens continuously or repeatedly. 就是可以呢持续一段时间或者是反复的发生。 The action continues for some time or happens repeatedly. 我们看一下例子，例① 我们玩了半天。 Let's look at examples, first example, (we played half a day). "玩"后面带了"半天"这个时量补语。 The word 玩 is followed by complement of duration 半天. 那么"玩"是什么，"玩"是可以持续的，也就是说可以反复的发生的。 So what is 玩, 玩 specifies an action which continues for some time or happens repeatedly. 第二类，昨天晚上睡了六个小时，睡是什么，睡也是可以持续的 或者是反复的发生。 Second, (I slept six hours last night), what is 睡, 睡 also can continue for some time or happen repeatedly. 所以呢，这个可以带这个数量补语。 Therefore, it can be followed by the complement of quantity, 时量补语啊。 complement of duration. （1）宾语 (1) The object 在"动词+时量补语"中的位置，宾语一般位于"动词+时量补语"后面。 In the form "verb + complement of duration", the object usually comes after "verb + complement of duration". 比如，我们来看两个例子啊，① 他只学了三个星期 汉语。 Let's look at two examples, first, (he studied Chines for only three week). 那么这个宾语在哪儿呢？在三个星期的 后面。 So where is the object? Following the phrase 三个星期. ② 弟弟吃了三天方便面，方便面是宾语。 Second, (my brother ate instant noodles for three days), 方便面 is an object 在这个时量补语的后面。 which is placed after this complement of duration. 宾语位于时量补语的后面，有时时量 补语后可以带"的"，但是呢，宾语不能是代词。 The object comes after complement of duration, sometimes the complement of duration can take the word 的,
however, in this case, the object can't be pronoun 或者是指人的名词，我们来看一下例子啊。 or noun of personal reference, let's look at examples. 例① 明天要坐 十小时的飞机。 First example, (I am going to fly for 10 hours tomorrow). 飞机是个宾语。 飞机 is an object. 那么在宾语的前面加上一个"的"了。 So the object is preceded by the word 的. 第②个，大家走了一天的路， 走了一天路也可以我们说它有一个"的"，现在非常累。 Second example, (we walked the whole day), there is a word 的 in the phrase 走了一天路, and very tired now. 宾语为指人的名词、 代词的时候呢，一般位于时量补语的前边，我们来看一下例子啊。 When the object is noun of personal reference or pronoun, it's usually placed before complement of duration,
let's look at examples. 第①例，我们等了老师一个小时，老师 在一个小时的前头。 First example, (we have waited one hour for the teacher), 老师 is placed before the phrase 一小时. 第②个，大家找你两天了，你去哪儿了 你这个宾语在两天的前边， Second, (We've spend two days looking for you, where have you been), the object 你 precedes 两天. 补语为"一会儿"，"半天"时，宾语 可在时量补语的前，也可以在后，我们来看一下例子。 When the complements are phrases such as 一会儿, 半天,
the object can be placed before or after the complement of duration, let's look at examples. 例一，等一会弟弟，弟弟是个宾语，它在 First example, (wait a minute for the brother), 弟弟 is an object, and it 一会这个时量补语的后面，我们也可以说，等弟弟一下， 一会儿。 comes after the complement of duration, and we can also say, 等弟弟一下, 一会儿. 再看一个例子，妈妈说了半天姐姐， 姐姐是宾语，半天是时量补语， Another example, (mom talked with the elder sister for a long time), 姐姐 is an object and 半天 is a complement of duration. 所以姐姐在半天的后面，但是我们也可以说妈妈说了姐姐半天。 Therefore 姐姐 is put after 半天, but we can also say 妈妈说了姐姐半天. 姐姐这个宾语跑到这个时量补语的前边去了。 姐姐 which acts as the object comes before the complement of duration. （2）限制时量补语的副词的位置。 (2) Position of adverb which restricts the complement of duration. 限制时量补语的副词一般放在动词的前边。 Adverbs which restrict the complement of duration are usually placed before the verbs. 但有的也可以放在时量补语的前边，例如，我们来看一下， But they can also be put before the complement of duration, let's have a look, 第①个例子，我已经学了一年，已经实际上是说已经一年了， First example, (I have studied for a year), the phrase 已经 which means it's already one year 来修饰限制是一年，但是我们也可以说，我学了 is used to modify and restrict 是一年, but we can also say, 我学了 已经一年了，已经放在一年的前面，这个已经放在学的前面， 已经一年了, 已经 is put before 在一年, and is placed before the word 学. 啊，学的前面，注意，"动词+时量补语" 的动词后可以带"了"和"过"，但是不能带"着"。
Pay attention, verb in the form "verb + the complement of duration"
can be followed by 了 and 过, but can't be followed by 着. 我们来看一下例子，前天刮了，"了"，一天风。 Let's look at examples, (it blew all day the day before yesterday). 他学过，"过"，一年汉语，也就是动词的 后面可以带"了"和"过"，但是不可以带"着"。
(He has studied Chinese for one year), in other words, verb
can be followed by 了 and 过, but can't be followed by 着. 2. 2. 表示动作结束以后的时间。 To specify the time from the end of action until now. 能带这类补语的动词为结束性动词和 Verbs can be followed by this kind of complement are terminative verbs 动词带结果补语的短语，我们来看一下例子就比较清楚，例①，它们分手 半年了。 and verb phrases with complement of result, let's look at examples and will make it clear,
first example, (they have broken up for half a year). 这个半年是说什么意思呢？就是分手以后到说话的时候的时间， 而不是说分手持续的时间。 What does the phrase 半年 mean? It specifies the time from the moment they broke up until now,
not the duration of breaking up. （1）宾语在"动词+时量补语"中的位置。 (1) Position of the object in the form "verb + the complement of duration" 宾语只能在"动词+时量补语"的动词后。 The object can be only attached to the verb of "verb + the complement of duration" 例如，我们来看一下， 第①例，弟弟结婚三个月了。 For example, let's have a look, first example, (the younger brother have been married for three month). 三个月是时量补语，对吧？它的 The phrase 三个月 is the complement of duration, right, what is its 宾语是什么呢？婚，那么这个婚在什么？在动词结的后面。 object? 婚, so where is 婚 placed? Attach to the verb 结. 第②例，刘老师当上教授三年了。 Second example, (teacher Liu has been professor for three years). 三年是一个时量补语，教授是一个宾语。 三年 is a complement of duration, and 教授 is an object, 当上是一个动词，所以呢这个教授放在当上的 后面。 当上 is a verb, therefore 教授 is attached to 当上. （2）限制数量补语的副词的位置。 (2) Position of adverb which restricts the complement of quantity. 限制数量补语的副词一般位于数量补语 的前边。 Adverbs which restrict the complement of quantity are usually placed before the verbs. 我们来看一下例子，第①个，妈妈毕业 好像三十年了，这个好像是修饰限制三十年的， Let's look at examples, first example, (mom has been graduated for about 30 years),
the phrase 好像 is used to modify 三十年, 所以呢放在三十年的前头，第②个例子，雨停了差不多 therefore it precedes 三十年, second example, (the rain has stopped 一个小时，这是一个数量补语，啊时量补语，那么差不多放在呢 for about one hour), it's a complement of quantity, a complement of duration, therefore the phrase 差不多 is placed 一个小时的前头，第三，他退休快一年了，快是说明这个补语 数量补语一年的，所以放在一年的前边。
before 一小时, third, (he has been retired for almost on year), the word 快 is used to restrict the
complement of quantity 一年, so it's placed before 一年. 七. Section seven, 介词短语补语。 the complement of prepositional phrase. 由介词"在、 自、 于、 向、 往"等组成的介词短语也可以做补语， Those prepositional phrase composed by 在, 自, 于, 向, 往 can also act as complement. 这样的补语叫什么呢？叫做介词短语补语。 What is the name of such complements? They are called complement of prepositional phrase. 例如， 我们来看一下一个例子，今天你就住在我家吧。 Let's look at examples, (you can live at my house today). 在是个介词，我家是一个名词短语，所以呢，它 The word 在 is a preposition, 我家 is a noun phrase, therefore it is 放在住的后面，做下，所谓的介词结构做住的补语， 补语。 placed after 住, the so-called prepositional structure acts as the complement of 住. 我们再看一个例子啊，我们班的同学 来自四面八方。 Let's look at another example, (our classmates come from different places). 自是一个介词， 四面八方，它和四面八方一起组成一个介词短语。 The word 自 is a preposition, 自 and 四面八方 make up a prepositional phrase. 放在来的后面做介词结构补语。 It comes after 来 and acts as a complement of prepositional structure. 注意动词后面不能带"了" Notice that the verb can't be followed by the word 了, "着"或"过"，这种情况下，这个来，比如说这个来， 后面不能带"了"也不能带"过"。 着 or 过, in this case, the word 来 can't be followed by 了 and 过. 第二，动词 加上介词短语补语，不能带宾语或者是补语。 Second, verbs with complement of prepositional phrase can't take object or complement, 也就是说，来加上自四面八方以后不能再加上宾语或者是补语。 which means 来 with 自四面八方 can't take object or complement. 第三，就是能带介词短语做补语的动词很少，就是不太多，这样的动词。 Third, verbs seldom take prepositional phrase as complement. 今天的课就到此结束，谢谢大家！ Today's lesson is over now, Thank you.
