2.4. Cultural Orientations Model (COM)

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来自 National Research University Higher School of Economics 的课程

Understanding Russians: Contexts of Intercultural Communication

39 个评分

National Research University Higher School of Economics

Understanding Russians: Contexts of Intercultural Communication

39 个评分

In the course “Understanding Russians: Contexts of Intercultural Communications": we will: 1) Build skills in the analysis of the intercultural communication process using Russian-Western communication as an example. 2) Apply the knowledge of interrelations between different contexts of communication (cultural, institutional, professional, social, interpersonal, etc.) to the cultural history and national psychology of Russians. The purpose of the course is to provide the students with a broad overview of the basic principles governing the past, the present and the future interactions between Russia and the West, with a focus on the culture and national psychology of Russians and Western Europeans. For example, we will look at the cases when basic cultural values of Russians show up through the linguistic choices shaping language production which is consequently misattributed by Western partners. No matter what the language of intercultural communication is – Russian, or English – the meaning of many linguistic expressions may be reconstructed wrongly by the representatives of another culture. Some of the basic questions we will tackle are: • What are the concepts of culture that have the strongest influence on communication? • What are Russian basic cultural values and how they shape modern Russian consciousness? • What are the specific communication patterns of modern Russians, including those of public and electronic discourse? • What is important to know about communication with Russians in organizational contexts? Importantly, this course is NOT just a list of practical instructions of dos and don’ts of dealing with Russians. The course contains a substantial academic component introducing the key notions and concepts of the Theory of Communication, which will be extensively introduced throughout the first few modules of the course. These theoretical grounds will be further on used as a tool for analyzing the intercultural communications with Russians.

从本节课中

Culture in Intercultural Communication

This lecture will focus around Culture per se and the language we need to be able to discuss it. The more complex and less formalized is the subject of the discussion, the more crucial are its instruments. We will introduce various dimensions that are applicable to different cultures and will also start to discuss the Russian culture in these terms. Starting this week we will also present short interviews of Prof. Bergelson's with people (non-Russians culturally) who have lived and worked in Russia, and who will serve as experts on various issues and contexts of communication with Russians. As stereotypes are one of the central concepts in the cross-cultural discourse, this week we will see interviews centered on this topic. The experts you will meet -- and not only this week -- are Anna Skaya (CEO VisualDNA Russia), Michael Johnston, (Private Equity Sector Lead Director of Strategy at Deloitte), and Ilya Gnoensky who specializes in crisis management.

2.1. Metaphors of Culture14:54

2.2. Components and Characteristics of Culture14:39

2.3. Culture's Dimensions: Value Orientations13:36

2.4. Cultural Orientations Model (COM)11:45

与讲师见面

Mira Bergelson
Professor
Philological Faculty

[MUSIC]

Research by and are just one variant, one very well known.

Way to describe cultural dimensions depending on the targets,

the aim that researchers and professionals would have.

They will use various degrees of granularity in their

analysis and also various way to put together some parameters or

some dimensions that they believe would go together.

And now I would like to show you as an example, use as an example,

of such an analysis a cultural orientations model

parameters that we will be using to describe also the features of mapping.

We'll be using for mapping features of Russian culture.

This cultural orientations model is a trademark and

this intellectual product of training management corporation.

I have permission to use this material from them because I was working for

them In their workshops and training seminars for people who work in Russia.

Now they are part of Berlitz Languages, Inc, a global company.

And by now they have elaborated their cultural orientations model in a more

updated version of cultural orientations approach.

And this article Joerg Schmitz and

the hyperlink to this article on the web will be part of your home assignment.

I suggest that you read this paper because it gives a very good account of how

professional researchers approach this idea of culture analysis.

So let's look at this module, cultural orientations model,

the previous version that we are looking at now is,

suggests that we look at culture as a wheel.

A wheel is a nice cultural parameters as a wheel, because wheel is a nice image.

It allows you to show not

just different parts of the different sectors of this wheel, but

it also will show you the spikes that in some way connect these dimensions.

So here we're looking at, ten dimensions that are part of the sectors of the wheel.

And this framework recognizes ten dimensions of culture.

The numbers are just for easy reference,

the numbers do not correspond to any ranking.

But each cultural orientation, or

each sector of this wheel, contains at least one, or more, continua.

A continuum indicates a range between two or more cultural orientations.

And so we can put individuals in there.

In the way they behave and perform and cultures as a something

that pertains to the group of individuals features on this continuum.

For example, in the time dimension,

in the time sector there is a continuum between fixed and fluid time.

But also there are two other continua that we will be looking at in a moment.

This cultural orientation's model, and the wheel that you've just seen on the screen,

are actually used for creating an indicator.

A cultural orientations indicator.

Which is an assessment tool that TMC Training Management Corporation

uses to map one's personal cultural profile

on the basis of the dimensions in the cultural orientations model.

This indicator is descriptive.

It is not prescriptive.

It just displays in an organized manner.

Preference that people select while answering certain questionnaires that

deal with the choices they would make, with other conditions being equal.

It describes general preferences, not skills, not abilities, or

any particular behaviors.

And of course, it is restricted to work-related behaviors and situations.

So it doesn't tell you how you behave when you are emotional,

when you are with your dear ones.

When you are close to someone.

And of course,

cultural orientations indicator is always subject to self validation.

Because it is just an assessment instrument that can be used to To see how

what are, where are you in the culture continua, where's your place?

Because it will allow you, it will allow you later to find potential

cultural gaps between you yourself and organization we're going to work or

the culture of the country where you are planning to relocate.

And also it allows to compare cultures of different groups,

also to see where they have gaps or where they will be overlapping really well.

Also this wheel is nice.

These sectors are good because they will allow us to show how far from the center,

from the center of the continua.

The closer we are to the outer part of the wheel,

the stronger we have this or that orientation.

Not all individuals share this or that value to the same degree.

So it is important to understand for various types of cultures where this or

that dimension, this or that feature are presented in strong and

very strong ways where they're manifested strongly.

And because what this orientation indicator allows us to see,

it allows us to see and to predict even social distance.

Or the degree of comfort or discomfort that operates between

individuals as a result of different values.

And this can be used then for training and for overcoming potential cultural gaps.

So a few words about these cultural orientation model dimensions,

the ten dimensions of culture.

Time.

How individuals perceive the nature of time and its use.

Is time a tangible resource, or is it an intangible concept that you don't

sort of cut into certain pieces, certain chunks.

Is it fixed of fluid?

It means whether we have certain ideas about appointments,

deadlines or we are more or less flexible about it.

I won't go into the details of this now, because I would like to talk about

the details of this continuing these orientations applying them

to certain specific data from Russian culture.

I will just mention those dimensions.

Past, present, future orientations, which is more or less clear.

And then single-focus or multitasking.

They're also part of the time sector of the wheel.

Next sector or next orientation is action.

How individuals conceptualize actions and interactions and

the continuum is between doing culture and being culture.

The center of the orientation that deals with communication has a lot of

continua in it.

How individuals express themselves, do they do it high tech context or

low context communication.

Direct or indirect?

Expressive or instrumental?

Formal or informal?

The issue of space,

how individuals demarcate their physical and psychological space.

How public or private this culture is in its various manifestations.

The issue of power is very important.

When speaking world Russian culture is probably the founding principle,

that then kind of relates, gives resonance to certain other features of culture.

Because they're related, as we say, using this metaphor, or

the spikes in the wheel, power.

How individuals view differential power,

relationships, is this culture more about hierarchy or more about equality?

The issue of individualism is a well known parameter or dimension that is

used in describing cultures, how individuals define their identity.

And there are two scales to continue to talk about.

How individualistic or how collectivistic this culture is

in various situations, in various types of behavior.

And how universalistic or

how particularistic are the rules that this culture applies to its members.

Next orientation or next sector on the wheel is called competitiveness.

And it is the, it is the label that follows from the various distinctions

that by keep posted were first labeled as feminine or masculine cultures.

But competitiveness is a good, a good label, a good term.

This orientation tells us about how individuals are motivated.

Are they motivated through competition, through the strive for

success, or this culture promotes more cooperative attitudes

between people, more helping between individuals.

The last of few would be related to the way we think.

Or the way we deal with the information.

So the orientation which is called structure is about how individuals

approach change, risk, ambiguity and uncertainty?

It's of course not only about information but the way we take new information.

The way we relate to the world about us in terms of order or flexibility,

stability or ability to change without feeling too bad about change.

No change is hard for any culture, thinking how individuals conceptualize.

Would they prefer deductive or inductive style in education?

This parameter is important for, for instance,

comparing various educational system.

And then the issue that we already looked at,

when we're talking about clock on questionnaires and system.

Environment, how individuals view and

relate to the people, objects and issues in their sphere of influence?

Do they try to control it, does culture praises and

supports the idea of individuals being the master of objects and environment.

Or is it more about harmony or the situation which they found themselves

in dealing with environment is better described by the word constrain.

[MUSIC]

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