Discover the basic concepts of needs analysis, investment policy, asset allocation, product selection, portfolio monitoring and re-balancing. We will look at the types of institutional investors - pension funds and insurance companies. You will learn the client management life cycle and dive into portfolio management as a process. You will learn the basic concepts, principles, and the major styles of investing in alternative assets. Finally, we study the impact of digitization on investment strategies.
3.1.2 Asset Allocation - part b
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来自 Indian School of Business 的课程
Investment Strategy
31 个评分
从本节课中
Asset Allocation
After completing this module, you will be able to understand the difference between retail asset allocation and institutional asset allocation. You will also be able to understand the importance of time horizon in defining risk.
与讲师见面
Vikram KuriyanClinical Professor of Finance
Director, Investment Lab
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Correlation and asset allocation.
Not all assets or securities are affected by positive or
negative shocks equally and here in lies the trick of asset allocation.
An ideal asset mix would, in theory, be immune to shocks.
Of course, this is impossible and it's impossible to mitigate all types of risk.
But naive diversification is far superior to no diversification.
Diversifying into the same asset class, choosing a narrow segment of the market
to invest in, accumulating highly correlated assets
in one's portfolio, all of these will undo
any good diversification that you might already have in the portfolio.
Here's a graph that
shows you the correlation characteristics of the major asset classes.
You can see some are highly correlated and some are lowly correlated.
The trick in asset allegation is to put together highly correlated
assets with lowly correlated assets to smooth out returns so
that portfolio shocks will not impede the growth of capital.
If you can find two asset classes with correlations close to zero,
the diversification effects.
Let's just pause for a second.
The closer the correlation to zero is among the different asset classes,
the better the diversity created effects.
Typically, once your risk return profile has been established,
capital is then allocated to various asset classes to achieve
the maximum expected returns for a given level of risk.
The incorrect weighing into an asset class can result in portfolios
with undesirable risk return profiles.
Along with the weightages, it is also crucial to be
aware of the asset class correlations as in the table above by creating a mix.
It is never prudent to put assets with high positive or
negative correlations together in a portfolio.
Positive correlations amplify external shocks, while the latter would serve to
offset any gains with losses from the negatively correlated assets.
There's an art here.
Let's now discuss some of the pitfalls of modern portfolio theory and
the effect of behavioral economics in the context
of asset allocation.
The crisis of 2007, 2008, brought forth many critics of modern portfolio theory.
After all, modern portfolio theory measures risks in terms of
standard deviation, and assumes that investors are rational.
MPT, modern portfolio theory,
states that one should ideally diversify into uncorrelated assets.
But in reality, many asset classes become correlated in times of
crises.
Secondly, what has happened as globalization tends
to connect the world much closer together,
correlations within the asset classes have been rising over the years.
This is especially true of equities.
Global connectivity has made sure that
information gets transmitted to various markets almost immediately and
diversification benefits have now been reduced in equities.
External shocks are also transported very quickly.
What you can see in this chart below is that
correlations among asset classes can be very high and
this is particularly exacerbated during crises.
So, rising correlations have affected the real world implementations of
modern portfolio theory.
Another critique of modern portfolio theory,
which comes out primarily from the behavioral economists, is
that the measure of risk in constructing these portfolios is standard deviation.
Standard deviation has a very symmetrical view of risk because by definition it
measures both upside volatility and downside volatility.
But the reality is that investors are far more risk averse towards the downside.
Draw downs is what they really get worried about, and
don't really care about the upside.
As the behavioral economists have found,
investors are loss averse, that is they worry about the downside.
Investors show risk seeking behavior in the loss domain and
risk averse behavior in the profit domain.
What they typically do is tend to book profits
from winners while they gamble with losers.
These realities need to be considered by asset
allocations while making asset allocation decisions for retail investors.
Because the goal of a good asset allocation is to have
a portfolio that investors can stick through in good times and bad.
And severe draw downs impair the ability of a lot of people, but
particularly in retail, to stick to a disciplined asset allocation.
Now retail funds have got to worry not only about the asset allocation that they
engage in, they've got go worry about the clients who invest in their funds,
and how they will deal with draw downs.
Events in some far corner of the world,
Can have domino effects in the country that the fund manager operates.
I want to come to another important point in the practice
of asset allocation, the need for rebalancing.
The asset allocation decision is not a one-time exercise.
Rather, it is a dynamic process.
Over time, markets change, risk premium changes and so
do the risk appetites of investors.
Our ancestors were generally more risk averse than we are.
Return characteristics of assets might change through economic shocks and
even financial goals might change.
Hence, it is prudent on the part of the investor
to reevaluate the allocations in that portfolio.
If the portfolio has deviated from the stated part or some change has to be made,
then they should be updated as new information comes in.
This may include the removal of certain asset classes,
for example, illiquid securities.
It may involve changing the weights of the asset classes, or
it may, in fact, allow for the addition of new asset classes.
Furthermore, the investor should take into account the fees that
he's being charged by the person who creates his asset allocation.
To conclude, asset allocation exercises in the 90s primarily consisted of allocating
capital to a handful of stocks and bonds with some allocation to cash.
But in the years since then, it has become more complex and nuanced.
Asset class diversification is more common now, but
looking through to the factors is also exceedingly important, as you don't
want portfolios that are concentrated with respect to factor exposures.
What do I mean by factor exposures?
Private equity and public equity are both exposed to equities, even though they're
two completely different asset classes with very different investor profiles.
But they're both concentrated in exposure to one factor.
These need to be put together in a disciplined way.
To conclude, there are elements of science with numbers but
also there is an art in putting together a good asset allocation and
there are many nuances involved.
This graph here demonstrates asset allocation in the past and
asset allocation more common now.
We will explore some of these new answers further in the next few classes.
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