This module is about IoT Architecture and Technologies. First, I'll start with IoT Architecture. Looking into the IoT Architecture layers, you can see that type of a division where the bottom parts are where we have the more fundamental techniques such as sensors and networking technology, moving up to management. Overall at the top is where the applications exist. Starting at the lower levels and moving up, we start with the sensor network and including sensors, actuators, tags as in terms of RFID tags, barcode tags, various other sensing techniques. They are connected over there, which is connected, multiple modules are connected to gateways and networks. In order to do that, we need networking technology, where we have mobile communication that provides us connectivity to the large scale wide-area network. In which GSM, second generation mobile communication, UMTS third-generation mobile communication, LTE, LTE-A fourth generation mobile communication. Techniques provide this level of connectivity, both wired and wireless fashions. In addition we have Wi-Fi, Ethernet and various gateway control to provide us with connectivity to gateways and the overall network. In addition, we have service provided management tools. These are based on device modelling, configuration and management components that will be controlling the data flow, security control and various other features of the IoT network. All of this is existing to support the direct needs that are requested by the application layer. In which environmental, people tracking, retail, health care, energy, transportation, supply chain, various things are supported and are needed in the application layer. These technologies are supported by those layers groupings together to provide overall IoT network services. We'll first focus on the lowest layer and then move up looking into further details. In the sensor layer you're talking about these components but at the bottom, these are where you have your tags, your various sensors. These are in these type of devices that are placed to provide surveillance, detection of motion, temperature, humidity, brightness, various other gases and sensing various things as well as health monitoring devices included. These individual sensors and tags that are collecting and generating information are basically what we have focused on the hardware level that is supported by the overall sensors and actuators. We have various things that are included inside that tell us how much we're tilted, how much movement we have, how much shaking we're experiencing, what is the change in velocity, what is the change in direction, what is the change in light level, all these things are based upon the sensors as well as the tags working together. Then we have our basic network connectivity which you see right here are mostly wireless and some are wired and we will talk about the further details of this in the following lectures. The sensor layer is made up of sensors and smart devices. Real-time information to be collected and processed and sensors use low power and low data rate connectivity. We have wireless sensor network formation that is connected in a ad hoc network form that has various formalities, meaning that it could be a string, a long sequence of sensors that are set upon a roadside, or they could be covered in multiple layers doing building, where we have multiple sensors on each floor and the overall building is one entire sensor network domain and various other formats. So, will they have what form is all based upon the application and the domain, the environment that the sensing needs to protect and collect and manage? Sensors are grouped according to the purpose and data types. In other words, when you're talking about heat, temperature, humidity or other things, these type of sensors may be connected to the, of course fire alarm system, detecting smoke and other things together. In addition, various other things as in terms of energy conservation. Looking at the light level, looking at your air conditioning as well as your heater system and how they're being used and are there people in that area or not, that's what basically you're looking at when you're saying that the purpose will divide how the overall sensor data is collected and monitored and networked together. So, overall environmental sensors, military censors, body sensors, home sensors, surveillance sensors they all have their own domain and network connectivity formats. Then we have gateways that are aggregating the sensor data, because overall we need to collect them, we need to filter out the unnecessary things and send whatever important information to control units such that they get more attention and when needed, they get a response and control operations. Local area network, could be Ethernet or Wi-Fi connections. Now, when I say LAN, that means local area network. Like a Ethernet is a local area network connecting you using wires within your building within your floor, within your laboratory, within your office, they'll be using like Ethernet, a local area network, that is wired. We'll have wireless local area networks, WLAN. These basically are Wi-Fi and we'll talk more about this soon. The networks that are smaller than a local area network are called personal area networks. What would be a personal area network? Well, look in the room that you're now in, you see various things in the room. You may see your computer, you may see your monitor, you may see your laptop computer. There are switches over there that have controls to the air conditioning and heating, there are switches over there that are controlling the curtains, the shades, the blinds for outside viewing throughout my window as well as sunshine blocking. There various switches and modules that I have within this person area, the room that I am in. The modules that I see directly with my eyes, that's your personal area. There are protocols for this, such as ZigBee, Bluetooth. While, when you talk about Wi-Fi, you're talking about a slightly larger network, not just one room, not just your personal area but the room that is in your next door, through that wall, over that window, across that door, in the hallway, our entire floor of rooms. That could be like your local area network and if it's done in a wireless fashion, the most common protocol is Wi-Fi. So, the range is like this, a wireless LAN has a service range targeted to be around about 30 meters or 30 yards to 40 yards and something in some cases even larger than that, like 50 metres to 100 meters may be at largest. Where your personal area network, you're talking about more in the range of about like maximum five to ten meters. These are very short range communication technology and their wireless mode is called Wireless Pan, WPAN and that is like Bluetooth, ZigBee, 6LowPAN, which we will study in further details in this course. Sensors that do not require connectivity to a LAN gateway, can be directly connected to the Internet through a Wide Area Network. So, what that's saying is that, if there are some sensors that are in the room and you don't have a Bluetooth master or you don't have a wireless access point that is going to collect the data, then my smartphone has a mobile communication unit that will directly send me to the mobile communication Wide Area Network. Then I will use my mobile communication module like LTE connection, my uterine connection, my Ji Ran connection that is going to go to the overall mobile communication backbone network and it will find my cloud, my server, to support my service needs. Going to the next level which is this one right here, Gateway and Network. In order to do that, we need more wireless LAN, wired LAN, and wide area network technologies that are focusing on mobile communication techniques. In addition, to support this level, we need routers, we need hubs, we need switches, and that's why we need a lot more hardware technology to form the gateways, that will collect and aggregate the data, that needs to be connected and serviced to the Internet. In order to do that, of course we need radio communication modules, micro-controllers, signal processing units, access points, and various other components. This must support massive volumes of IoT data, produced by wireless sensors and smart devices. Massive amounts? How much are we predicting? In my other lecture, that is my other course, smart device and mobile emerging technologies, there we talk about fourth and fifth generation mobile communications. Fourth generation mobile communications is LTE and LTE-Advanced, we already have that. Fifth generation mobile communications is what's coming in the near future. Already, in the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics in Korea, there were already demonstrations of fifth generation mobile communication modules, demonstrated in various platforms and devices. So, it's already here, and it's already being wide spread out throughout the world, and you're going to see it very soon. What type of massive volume of IoT connectivity? If you look at the fifth generation mobile communication specifications, it's talking about within a square kilometer, like one kilometer by one kilometer square, one kilometer square area. We're talking about one million IoT devices, or maybe even more. That is what we're talking about massive volumes. Think about it, one million in a square kilometer area or more. Naturally, why do you say or more. Think of a tall building, that has 60 floors, and multiple floors under the ground and multi-floors over the ground, a skyscraper building. Naturally in a building like that, you will have more that you will need to deal with. This requires robust and reliable performance. If you're going to have this level of hyper-connectivity, ultra level connectivity required, you must be supported by a robust, a reliable performing network and gateway connectivity. You need this for private, public, and hybrid network models. You need to support quality of service requirements, low latency, error probability. You want as less of that as possible. High performance wise, high throughput, high efficiency in terms of energy. High levels of security and scalability. What do you mean by high levels of scalability? Scalability is the issue where, some networks when they are small, they work well. But when they become 10 times larger, 100 times larger, then they may not work. Because their protocol is not scalable, the network management and operations are not scalable. Meaning that, when they grow, then the overall additional work that needs to be done becomes so burdening that it cannot operate well. In other words, when the network was small, in one second, I got a result from the operation that I requested. But when I have 100 users using it at the same time, it takes minutes and minutes and hours to get a reply, or get the results done. That is a result of not being scalable. Scalability is so critical especially for massive volumes of IoT data, where you need to aggregate it and connect them together, to provide services to the network. It is important to also integrate different types of networks into a single IoT platform. Networks, there are so many different types. Even in this lecture, in this course, we will be talking about various types of wireless LAN and wireless PAN techniques, such as router, all the way going to Bluetooth, we're going to be talking about Wi-Fi, we're going to talk 6LoWPAN, ZigBee, there's such a wide variety and they all have their own protocol and own characteristics. That's just the wireless PAN and wireless LAN techniques. We have so much more. Even when you say Wi-Fi, there's such a wide variety of Wi-Fi techniques. When you talk of say, Bluetooth, even within Bluetooth there are so many protocol different specifications that came about, which I will talk about in the following pages. So, keep in mind that even within Wi-Fi there's a variety of different modes. Even within Bluetooth there's a variety. But then, among Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, all these are different. Then, you need to integrate that along with your wire techniques, along with your mobile communication, wide area network, protocols and techniques. IoT sensors are aggregated with various types of protocols and heterogeneous networking techniques, and therefore, you need to provide very capable, integrated, homogeneous, interoperable services. IoT networks need to be scalable once again, because of the massive structure, because of the massive domain of number of devices that will be operating within your domain of a network, that you need to collect, aggregate, and provide gateway services to, provide network security services to, provide quality of service support, automatically scalability needs to be there. Now, going to the next level of management services. Assuming that all that sensor data and sensor information is being brought up to the hardware software, and all the networks are working well, then you need to manage it the right way, because the management level is right there in between the application, and the network gateway domain. What type of management services? First, OSS (Operational Support Systems) such as device modelling, configuration, and also performance management, security management. Then we have Billing Support Systems (BSS), and this is about billing reporting. If you find somebody using beyond their service package of what they already payed for, you need to discontinue or request for additional payments before you provide services. Let's face it, services and companies are providing services and technology for a payment, they need to make a revenue, they need to be able to pay their employers, and pay for the resources that enable them to make that serve as possible for you. That is why although this is a small block, when you look at it from a business side, it is the most important one. Service Analytics Platform. This is statistical data, data mining, text mining, in-memory analytics, predictive analysis, all of this is important. Especially, right here, predictive analytics, this is becoming even more important. When we talk about IoT technology, a lot is going to go into faster services, immediate response services, tactile IoT, tactile Internet services, in which it is like we are feeling the real thing. We have a feel of exactly what's going on immediately, from our virtual services and our smart device interfaces. Such that the haptic experience is so real, that we feel like we're in an immersive environment, although, in reality it's all virtual. If you want to provide services like that, then you need to be able to deliver services on an immediate response level, with minimum delay or zero delay. That means that, you need to predict what the response is, what type of contents you need to bring and fetch over, and then deliver it. That's where this becomes more and more important. Then, security. Need I say more, this is so important, access control, encryption, identification, access management. Then we have Business Rules Management (BRM), rule definition, modeling, simulation, execution, and also Business Process Management (BPM) workflow process modelling, simulation, execution, and various other things are included. The management service layer, is in charge of information analytics, security control, process modeling, and device management. Data management wise, it is something that you need to consider because you have so many IoT devices that are sending in information, some of these devices are sending in periodic information. In other words, they will report, they will sense it and report it every second. Then, you're going to be flooded by this information, and delivering all of that to the management service module, the management server may not want all of that. At lower levels, before it reaches, you want to have all the unnecessary information filtered out. You're in a good state, that sensor is in its normal state, nothing new or alarming is detected. Then, you just change the aggregated data into a long-term report and submit something simpler, then it becomes easier to manage. In order to do that, you need some type of filtering and management mechanism. But on the other hand, if some type of behavior, some type of environment, such that a sensor detected that it was too hot, there was extreme levels of gas or smoke, or it was something too humid that it was weird, or some type of abnormal behavior in a certain area was detected, then, you need Aperiodic immediately responsible, immediately reportable alarm messages delivered. These need to be with priority. In other words, they cannot equally wait for, and they cannot equally wait at the cure, or the server, or the other network modules at a same level as normal response periodic data. They need to be delivered top priority. Then, you need a network service and a management module, that can do something like that. That can support the urgent needs as well as the ordinary normal operation needs, both altogether in one network in an efficient way. That is what management service layer needs to work with a network layer, to provide these type of smart networking services. Data management. You manage the data information flow, information access, integration and control, based on what type of business you're doing. In other words, the CEO of the company, as well as the CFO, as in terms of who is in charge of the financing and, who is in charge of the actual technology development the CTO. Then, the information that they need to look at is different, and key the information that their under workers need to look at are also different. They need to be classified based on what type of work, research development and planning they,re doing. In order for that, you need to control the information because information is one of the key resources that a company has. Information access, integration, control is critical. Data abstraction is another critical domain. Information extraction processing used as a common business model is so important. If you look at the data like I said, there's so much of it. Being able to pull out what is needed and the act response, make a reply or respond on that is what needs to be done. In order to do that, you need to pull out the important data, and that is what this is talking about. Then we go to the upper layer which is the application. This is what interfaces with users. You know that there are so many sectors on how you can use IoT. How many sectors? Basically, everything that you know about is your application domain. Is there something that is excluded? No, there isn't. Maybe there is no sensor or IoT device for that specific application now. But believe me in the near future, there will be, and it will be naturally included into the overall IoT domain based upon various applications. So, what are the hot ones that we know now? That is what I have summarized in here, and you see that there are sectors from environment, energy, transportation, healthcare, retail, military, and horizontal markets. As in terms of fleet management, asset management, supply chain, people tracking, surveillance, and other things. Stepping into a little bit further details, various applications of industry sectors can use IoT service enhancements. Application classification can be based on model of the business, type of network, availability, heterogeneity, coverage, size, real-time, and non-real-time requirements are attached. These are the classification basis that will tell you how to divide. Then personal and home, for example, you know what is needed here as in terms of the IoT at a scale of individual or homes or the overall domain. Then we have enterprise, IoT at a scale of a company and a community. Utility-wise, this is talking about national or regional scale where just the utilities that are of a common ground or related are connected together. Then mobile. Mobile devices are usually separated and they are spread across wide domains. They are separated on who they're connected to based upon cellular regions. So, what cell you're connected to is depending on what cell your smartphone is connecting to what base station. That is how they divide the subdivisions. Just like the Internet is divided into sub-nets. So, there is a basic hierarchy on how the mobile communication network and the smartphones are connected to, and when IoT devices are connected to the wide area network in terms of mobile communication network, then once again the smartphones can be used as interfaces to the mobile communication network or IoT devices may have mobile communication modules inside which they can connect directly to base stations. Looking into smart environment application domains. This is based upon the division of network size, network connectivity, and bandwidth requirement. These are the major domains and we will be talking about service categories based upon these three major categories. Smart home, because it's a home it's relatively small. If this became an apartment that had multiple homes together, then it would be a different story. However, smart home itself is relatively small, and in here of course you want WPAN, WLAN, and mobile communication technology as well as wired Internet maybe through Ethernet connected within. Bandwidth requirements are proportional to the number of people that live in the home together, but looking at it in comparison to the other domains that are on the right side of this table, yeah, definitely it's small. Then smart office. Once again, this is not an entire building, an intelligent building we're talking about, we're talking about an office. Of course, similar to what is a smart home, this has about the same domain. Smart retail, now this is talking about a retail business and because it's retail, if you look at the network connectivity, RFID tags and RFID readers, as well as NFC, near-field communication to do product identification and purchasing. These type of components need to be added, and these two are what differentiate smart retail from the needs of smart office and smart home. Smart city, yeah, a totally larger domain. So, therefore the network size becomes medium or large based upon what city you're talking about. Of course, when you look at the overall domain all existing network connectivity technologies need to be included. Including RFID, NFC, wireless LAN, wireless PAN, 3G, 4G Internet, and needs like that. One component that you can see here is that, the need for wireless personal area network at a city level maybe a little bit lower but then again don't count it out, definitely it will be needed. Then smart agriculture. When you go into here, you're talking about an agriculture domain that is talking about farming. When you do that, definitely you're talking about a wider area that has low data rate needs, you need much more surveillance, and management and control of a much wider area that you may not be able to go and visit simply easily. So, therefore you need wide area network coverage through satellite communication, also Internet, and wireless local area networks. Some wireless LAN techniques, some modes of Wi-Fi, are made for outdoor environments at low data rates but are very large in distance support between nodes, and that is where wireless LAN technology for outdoors, as well as agriculture support can be possible. Then there's smart energy and fuel. You can see here that microwave links and satellite communication are included. This is because a lot of cases, the smart energy and fuel domains they are transported using cables and pipes and they have their own towers that connect the cables together. That means that smart energy and fuel either underground, overground or using big towers to connect large cables, they have their own infrastructure. So, they can set up satellite links over a wide area or use microwave technology between these large towers or major connecting points to support their needs of communication on a separated wireless or wired network. This is an advantage that smart energy and fuel components have. Smart transportation. Basically, it's running on wireless LAN, 3G, 4G, and satellite communication. Now, if you look at the lower, below this table you can see WLAN, Wi-Fi and then there's WAVE, W-A-V-E. This is wireless access for vehicle environments. W-A-V-E; wireless access for vehicle environments. Among the protocols next to it on the right side, there is IEEE 802.11 a/ b/g/p. There is a P letter there that 802.11 P is what the wave protocol uses for vehicle environments, and that is also one of the core technologies that is included in smart transportation networks, wireless LAN, and that is another attractive technology. Then you have smart military, and in smart military you need the full scope because you're going to go into combat, you're going to go into war. Whatever advantage in your communications services that you can get, you need to use. That is why the full scope from satellite communication to RFID to WPAN to WLAN are all used. In this table, you can see the application domains, and how they are used their service domain and services. From smart home that's supporting entertainment, Internet access to smart office that's providing secure file exchange, Internet access, virtual private networking, and business to business, B2B services. Smart retail which supports customer privacy, business transactions, business security, also business-to-business transactions, B2B transactions, sales and logistics management. There's also smart city, city management, resource management, police network, fire department network, transportation management, disaster management. Smart agriculture; area monitoring, condition sensing, fire alarm, trespassing. Smart energy and fuel; pipeline monitoring, tank monitoring, power line monitoring, trespass and damage management. Smart transportation; road condition monitoring, traffic status monitoring, traffic light control, navigation support, smart car support, traffic information support, and the overall infrared intelligent transportation system ITS. Smart military; command and control, communications, sensor networks, situational awareness, security information, and military networking. All of these combine into the application domains that are for smart environments supported by IoT technology. These are the references that I used and I recommend them to you. Thank you.
