This must support massive volumes of IoT data,
produced by wireless sensors and smart devices. Massive amounts?
How much are we predicting?
In my other lecture,
that is my other course,
smart device and mobile emerging technologies,
there we talk about fourth and fifth generation mobile communications.
Fourth generation mobile communications is LTE and LTE-Advanced, we already have that.
Fifth generation mobile communications is what's coming in the near future.
Already, in the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics in Korea,
there were already demonstrations of fifth generation mobile communication modules,
demonstrated in various platforms and devices.
So, it's already here,
and it's already being wide spread out throughout the world,
and you're going to see it very soon.
What type of massive volume of IoT connectivity?
If you look at the fifth generation mobile communication specifications,
it's talking about within a square kilometer,
like one kilometer by one kilometer square,
one kilometer square area.
We're talking about one million IoT devices,
or maybe even more.
That is what we're talking about massive volumes.
Think about it, one million in a square kilometer area or more.
Naturally, why do you say or more.
Think of a tall building,
that has 60 floors,
and multiple floors under
the ground and multi-floors over the ground, a skyscraper building.
Naturally in a building like that,
you will have more that you will need to deal with.
This requires robust and reliable performance.
If you're going to have this level of hyper-connectivity,
ultra level connectivity required,
you must be supported by a robust,
a reliable performing network and gateway connectivity.
You need this for private, public,
and hybrid network models.
You need to support quality of service requirements,
low latency, error probability.
You want as less of that as possible.
High performance wise, high throughput,
high efficiency in terms of energy.
High levels of security and scalability.
What do you mean by high levels of scalability?
Scalability is the issue where,
some networks when they are small, they work well.
But when they become 10 times larger,
100 times larger, then they may not work.
Because their protocol is not scalable,
the network management and operations are not scalable.
Meaning that, when they grow,
then the overall additional work that needs to be done becomes
so burdening that it cannot operate well.
In other words, when the network was small,
in one second, I got a result from the operation that I requested.
But when I have 100 users using it at the same time,
it takes minutes and minutes and hours to get a reply,
or get the results done.
That is a result of not being scalable.
Scalability is so critical especially for massive volumes of IoT data,
where you need to aggregate it and connect them together,
to provide services to the network.
It is important to also integrate different types of networks into a single IoT platform.
Networks, there are so many different types.
Even in this lecture, in this course,
we will be talking about various types of wireless LAN
and wireless PAN techniques, such as router,
all the way going to Bluetooth,
we're going to be talking about Wi-Fi,
we're going to talk 6LoWPAN,
ZigBee, there's such a wide variety
and they all have their own protocol and own characteristics.
That's just the wireless PAN and wireless LAN techniques.
We have so much more.
Even when you say Wi-Fi,
there's such a wide variety of Wi-Fi techniques.
When you talk of say, Bluetooth,
even within Bluetooth there are
so many protocol different specifications that came about,
which I will talk about in the following pages.
So, keep in mind that even within Wi-Fi there's a variety of different modes.
Even within Bluetooth there's a variety.
But then, among Bluetooth, Wi-Fi,
ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, all these are different.
Then, you need to integrate that along with your wire techniques,
along with your mobile communication,
wide area network, protocols and techniques.
IoT sensors are aggregated with various types of protocols and
heterogeneous networking techniques, and therefore,
you need to provide very capable,
integrated, homogeneous, interoperable services.
IoT networks need to be scalable once again,
because of the massive structure,
because of the massive domain of number of
devices that will be operating within your domain of a network,
that you need to collect, aggregate,
and provide gateway services to,
provide network security services to,
provide quality of service support,
automatically scalability needs to be there.
Now, going to the next level of management services.
Assuming that all that sensor data and
sensor information is being brought up to the hardware software,
and all the networks are working well,
then you need to manage it the right way,
because the management level is right there in between the application,
and the network gateway domain.
What type of management services?
First, OSS (Operational Support Systems) such as device modelling,
configuration, and also performance management, security management.
Then we have Billing Support Systems (BSS),
and this is about billing reporting.
If you find somebody using beyond their service package of what they already payed for,
you need to discontinue or request for additional payments before you provide services.
Let's face it, services and
companies are providing services and technology for a payment,
they need to make a revenue,
they need to be able to pay their employers,
and pay for the resources that enable them to make that serve as possible for you.
That is why although this is a small block,
when you look at it from a business side,
it is the most important one.
Service Analytics Platform.
This is statistical data,
data mining, text mining,
in-memory analytics, predictive analysis,
all of this is important.
Especially, right here, predictive analytics,
this is becoming even more important.
When we talk about IoT technology,
a lot is going to go into faster services,
immediate response services, tactile IoT,
tactile Internet services, in which it is like we are feeling the real thing.
We have a feel of exactly what's going on immediately,
from our virtual services and our smart device interfaces.
Such that the haptic experience is so real,
that we feel like we're in an immersive environment,
although, in reality it's all virtual.
If you want to provide services like that,
then you need to be able to deliver services on an immediate response level,
with minimum delay or zero delay.
That means that, you need to predict what the response is,
what type of contents you need to bring and fetch over, and then deliver it.
That's where this becomes more and more important. Then, security.
Need I say more,
this is so important, access control,
encryption, identification, access management.
Then we have Business Rules Management (BRM),
rule definition, modeling, simulation, execution,
and also Business Process Management (BPM) workflow process modelling,
simulation, execution, and various other things are included.
The management service layer,
is in charge of information analytics,
security control, process modeling, and device management.
Data management wise, it is something that you need to
consider because you have so many IoT devices that are sending in information,
some of these devices are sending in periodic information.
In other words, they will report,
they will sense it and report it every second.
Then, you're going to be flooded by this information,
and delivering all of that to the management service module,
the management server may not want all of that.
At lower levels, before it reaches,
you want to have all the unnecessary information filtered out.
You're in a good state,
that sensor is in its normal state,
nothing new or alarming is detected.
Then, you just change
the aggregated data into a long-term report and submit something simpler,
then it becomes easier to manage.
In order to do that,
you need some type of filtering and management mechanism.
But on the other hand,
if some type of behavior,
some type of environment,
such that a sensor detected that it was too hot,
there was extreme levels of gas or smoke,
or it was something too humid that it was weird,
or some type of abnormal behavior in a certain area was detected, then,
you need Aperiodic immediately responsible,
immediately reportable alarm messages delivered.
These need to be with priority.
In other words, they cannot equally wait for,
and they cannot equally wait at the cure,
or the server, or the other network modules at
a same level as normal response periodic data.
They need to be delivered top priority.
Then, you need a network service and a management module,
that can do something like that.
That can support the urgent needs as well as the ordinary normal operation needs,
both altogether in one network in an efficient way.
That is what management service layer needs to work with a network layer,
to provide these type of smart networking services. Data management.
You manage the data information flow, information access,
integration and control, based on what type of business you're doing.
In other words, the CEO of the company,
as well as the CFO,
as in terms of who is in charge of the financing and,
who is in charge of the actual technology development the CTO.
Then, the information that they need to look at is different,
and key the information that their under workers need to look at are also different.
They need to be classified based on what type of work,
research development and planning they,re doing.
In order for that, you need to control the information because
information is one of the key resources that a company has.
Information access, integration, control is critical.
Data abstraction is another critical domain.
Information extraction processing used as a common business model is so important.
If you look at the data like I said,
there's so much of it.
Being able to pull out what is needed and the act response,
make a reply or respond on that is what needs to be done.
In order to do that, you need to pull out the important data,
and that is what this is talking about.
Then we go to the upper layer which is the application.
This is what interfaces with users.
You know that there are so many sectors on how you can use IoT.
How many sectors?
Basically, everything that you know about is your application domain.
Is there something that is excluded?
No, there isn't.
Maybe there is no sensor or IoT device for that specific application now.
But believe me in the near future, there will be,
and it will be naturally included into
the overall IoT domain based upon various applications.
So, what are the hot ones that we know now?
That is what I have summarized in here,
and you see that there are sectors from environment, energy,
transportation, healthcare, retail, military, and horizontal markets.
As in terms of fleet management, asset management,
supply chain, people tracking,
surveillance, and other things.
Stepping into a little bit further details,
various applications of industry sectors can use IoT service enhancements.
Application classification can be based on model of the business, type of network,
availability, heterogeneity, coverage, size,
real-time, and non-real-time requirements are attached.
These are the classification basis that will tell you how to divide.
Then personal and home, for example,
you know what is needed here as in terms of the IoT at
a scale of individual or homes or the overall domain.
Then we have enterprise,
IoT at a scale of a company and a community.
Utility-wise, this is talking about national or regional scale where
just the utilities that are of a common ground or related are connected together.
Then mobile.
Mobile devices are usually separated and they are spread across wide domains.
They are separated on who they're connected to based upon cellular regions.
So, what cell you're connected to is depending on
what cell your smartphone is connecting to what base station.
That is how they divide the subdivisions.
Just like the Internet is divided into sub-nets.
So, there is a basic hierarchy on
how the mobile communication network and the smartphones are connected to,
and when IoT devices are connected to
the wide area network in terms of mobile communication network,
then once again the smartphones can be used
as interfaces to the mobile communication network
or IoT devices may have mobile communication modules
inside which they can connect directly to base stations.
Looking into smart environment application domains.
This is based upon the division of network size,
network connectivity, and bandwidth requirement.
These are the major domains and we will be talking about
service categories based upon these three major categories.
Smart home, because it's a home it's relatively small.
If this became an apartment that had multiple homes together,
then it would be a different story.
However, smart home itself is relatively small,
and in here of course you want WPAN,
WLAN, and mobile communication technology as well as
wired Internet maybe through Ethernet connected within.
Bandwidth requirements are proportional to
the number of people that live in the home together,
but looking at it in comparison to
the other domains that are on the right side of this table,
yeah, definitely it's small.
Then smart office. Once again,
this is not an entire building,
an intelligent building we're talking about,
we're talking about an office.
Of course, similar to what is a smart home,
this has about the same domain.
Smart retail, now this is talking about a retail business and because it's retail,
if you look at the network connectivity,
RFID tags and RFID readers,
as well as NFC,
near-field communication to do product identification and purchasing.
These type of components need to be added,
and these two are what differentiate
smart retail from the needs of smart office and smart home.
Smart city, yeah, a totally larger domain.
So, therefore the network size becomes medium or
large based upon what city you're talking about.
Of course, when you look at the overall domain
all existing network connectivity technologies need to be included.
Including RFID, NFC, wireless LAN,
wireless PAN, 3G, 4G Internet,
and needs like that.
One component that you can see here is that,
the need for wireless personal area network at
a city level maybe a little bit lower but then again don't count it out,
definitely it will be needed.
Then smart agriculture. When you go into here,
you're talking about an agriculture domain that is talking about farming.
When you do that,
definitely you're talking about a wider area that has low data rate needs,
you need much more surveillance,
and management and control of a much wider area
that you may not be able to go and visit simply easily.
So, therefore you need wide area network coverage through satellite communication,
also Internet, and wireless local area networks.
Some wireless LAN techniques,
some modes of Wi-Fi,
are made for outdoor environments at low data rates
but are very large in distance support between nodes,
and that is where wireless LAN technology for outdoors,
as well as agriculture support can be possible.
Then there's smart energy and fuel.
You can see here that microwave links and satellite communication are included.
This is because a lot of cases,
the smart energy and fuel domains they are transported using cables and
pipes and they have their own towers that connect the cables together.
That means that smart energy and fuel either underground,
overground or using big towers to connect large cables,
they have their own infrastructure.
So, they can set up satellite links over a wide area or use microwave technology between
these large towers or major connecting points to
support their needs of communication on a separated wireless or wired network.
This is an advantage that smart energy and fuel components have.
Smart transportation.
Basically, it's running on wireless LAN,
3G, 4G, and satellite communication.
Now, if you look at the lower,
below this table you can see WLAN,
Wi-Fi and then there's WAVE, W-A-V-E.
This is wireless access for vehicle environments.
W-A-V-E; wireless access for vehicle environments.
Among the protocols next to it on the right side,
there is IEEE 802.11 a/ b/g/p.
There is a P letter there that 802.11
P is what the wave protocol uses for vehicle environments,
and that is also one of the core technologies that
is included in smart transportation networks,
wireless LAN, and that is another attractive technology.
Then you have smart military,
and in smart military you need the full scope because you're going to go into combat,
you're going to go into war.
Whatever advantage in your communications services that you can get, you need to use.
That is why the full scope from satellite communication to
RFID to WPAN to WLAN are all used.
In this table, you can see the application domains,
and how they are used their service domain and services.
From smart home that's supporting entertainment,
Internet access to smart office that's providing secure file exchange,
Internet access, virtual private networking,
and business to business, B2B services.
Smart retail which supports customer privacy,
business transactions, business security,
also business-to-business transactions, B2B transactions,
sales and logistics management.
There's also smart city,
city management, resource management,
police network, fire department network,
transportation management, disaster management.
Smart agriculture; area monitoring,
condition sensing, fire alarm, trespassing.
Smart energy and fuel; pipeline monitoring,
tank monitoring, power line monitoring,
trespass and damage management.
Smart transportation; road condition monitoring,
traffic status monitoring, traffic light control,
navigation support, smart car support,
traffic information support, and the overall
infrared intelligent transportation system ITS.
Smart military; command and control, communications,
sensor networks, situational awareness,
security information, and military networking.
All of these combine into the application domains that
are for smart environments supported by IoT technology.
These are the references that I used and I recommend them to you. Thank you.
