The explosive growth of the “Internet of Things” is changing our world and the rapid drop in price for typical IoT components is allowing people to innovate new designs and products at home. In this first class in the specialization you will learn the importance of IoT in society, the current components of typical IoT devices and trends for the future. IoT design considerations, constraints and interfacing between the physical world and your device will also be covered. You will also learn how to make design trade-offs between hardware and software. We'll also cover key components of networking to ensure that students understand how to connect their device to the Internet. Please note that this course does not include discussion forums. Upon completing this course, you will be able to: 1. Define the term “Internet of Things” 2. State the technological trends which have led to IoT 3. Describe the impact of IoT on society 4. Define what an embedded system is in terms of its interface 5. Enumerate and describe the components of an embedded system 6. Describe the interactions of embedded systems with the physical world 7. Name the core hardware components most commonly used in IoT devices 8. Describe the interaction between software and hardware in an IoT device 9. Describe the role of an operating system to support software in an IoT device 10. Explain the use of networking and basic networking hardware 11. Describe the structure of the Internet 12. Describe the meaning of a “network protocol” 13. Explain MANETs and their relation to IoT
Lecture 2.1: Trends in the Adoption of IoT
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来自 University of California, Irvine 的课程
Introduction to the Internet of Things and Embedded Systems
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从本节课中
What Is the Internet of Things (IoT)?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a popular buzzword right now, but unlike many fads which have come and gone, the Internet of Things describes an important trend which is having lasting effects on society at large. The term itself, “Internet of Things”, is used to mean a variety of ideas, depending on the motivation and background of the speaker. This course will start by providing a definition of the term. We will talk about how various trends have enabled the Internet of Things, and how it changes the way design is performed. We will also discuss some of the ramifications that IoT is having on society today.
与讲师见面
Ian HarrisProfessor
Department of Computer Science
[MUSIC]
This lecture we'll talk about the various trend [INAUDIBLE].
Technological trends that have led to the incident of things, say revolution.
It's a overused word, but let's try to use that right now.
So there are lots of different trends that have led to this,
led to the incorporation of things, technology into devices today.
And so we'll talk about those things.
And it sort of crept up on us over the years,
but now there's this convergence where the situation is right.
Everything works and
you can really do a lot of the things that you see in these IoT devices today.
So there are several trends.
One trend is cost, is the straight cost of devices,
so things have gotten a lot cheaper.
Computational technology has gotten a lot cheaper than it used to be.
Now, these are extremes, but take ENIAC.
Early machine, 1945, very early.
Not the earliest, but very early machine.
At the time, it cost almost half a million dollars which in today's dollars is a lot
more than that, at the time.
So that was expensive, very expensive for the cheapest available machine.
Now you can get a laptop for $500.
You can get one cheaper than that, you can get one more expensive, but
you can get a very capable laptop for $500.
So things have gotten a lot cheaper over the years.
And by the way, I'm saying you can get a laptop for $500, an IoT device.
The computational ability of it is a lot less than laptops.
So it will be a lot cheaper than $500.
But the point is that over time computational technology has
gotten a lot cheaper.
And so it's within the reach of what you could add on to a lot of different
devices.
So you wouldn't have wanted to take your standard car in 1945 and
add an ENIAC to it because it would add $500,000 worth of cost, right?
But now you can add on some low cost device and
get the benefits of computational technology without too much cost.
So this is a picture of ENIAC, the original.
It is big.
Big and expensive.
So this is another thing that's changed.
It also has a lot of wires.
If you look at it, the way they programmed it was with wires.
A lot of wiring going on in there.
Manual wiring.
So this is a picture of it and it was big.
So that's another trend.
Hardware size.
Things have become smaller.
Now that old ENIAC there was no possible way you were going be able to get that
thing and fit it into a device, into a thing.
So that old ENIAC was, say approximately, 1,800 square feet, 27 tons.
It was a big thing.
But a laptop today is small, small and light.
And IoT devices are smaller and lighter than that, so think,
computational technology has also shrunk and gotten lighter,
to the point that it can be incorporated in lots of different devices.
So this is just a size comparison.
See, so we've got ENIAC over there, different lighting but
basically the same machine, and then we've got a laptop.
And you can see how the computational technology has just vastly shrunk to
the point where you can actually incorporate it into devices.
Now, another big trend that helps make IoT possible is the fact
that computational ability has grown dramatically since, say, 45.
So in 45, that ENIAC that you saw,
that got approximately 5,000 instructions per second.
Now, a standard laptop 18 billion, now this is plus or
minus, right, but 18 billion easy.
That's a dramatic improvement, and what that buys you,
what that gives you is a fact that you can implement a lot more features.
There are many things that you couldn't have dreamed of being able to do back
in '45 with a computer that you can now handle because you have so
many more computations to play with in a unit of time.
So, for instance, speech to text, right?
That's common in phones today, right?
Where you talk and it interprets your speech.
There's no way with 5,000 instructions per second you could do that in
anywhere near real time.
Audio processing, network communication all these things that you can do now
that require lots of computation and it just wasn't possible with old machines.
So with modern machines there is so much computational ability,
their clock rates are so fast and there is parallelism.
These things are multi-course, you got multiple processes in one device.
There is so much computation ability you can.
You can do so many more things that were thought of back then and
couldn't have dreamed of back then, but now, we see there's so much you can do.
So, it makes it more practical using devices today to implement
the features we're interested in implementing.
Another trend is Internet access.
So, in '45 the Internet didn't exist.
Networking wasn't there, but Internet access has improved.
So, the Internet is reachable from a lot of places.
First, it exists.
Right? It didn't used to exist.
But now it's also true that in lots of different places,
almost everywhere, you can access the Internet through some mechanism.
Now this depends on what country you're in and how much money your country has.
Some parts of the world poor parts of the world have less access.
We're in the US you have pretty good access.
Wherever you wanna be you can access it directly through wi-fi,
you can access it through jacks in the wall I mean we have ethernet jacks in
the wall right here you can do it wirelessly you can do it everywhere.
Now different parts of the world have less access,
if you just look at this map, you can see the lighter parts are less access.
Most of Africa, a lot of Africa has less access is just because they're out of
reach of many different, a lot of the infrastructure that's necessary.
But there are some place like India, that actually lower,
in fact, I question this map.
I don't thing it's as bad as what's being stated on here, but
it is generally true that there are parts of the country, poor parts of the world
rather, where Internet access is harder to find.
But generally it's greatly improved over time.
Also the fact that you can do Internet access wirelessly.
That actually helps a whole lot because running cables is expensive.
Where putting up a wireless router is much less expensive.
Putting up a cell tower that costs a certain amount of money,
but given the expanse that it covers
It's much more cost efficient than having to run wires into everybody's home.
So wireless access is one of those things that's ubiquitous now, and
it makes IoT technology much more usable and much more possible.
Data costs.
So the cost of Internet access is fairly low.
Now this definitely varies depending on where you are.
It's never low enough for me.
I don't like how much I have to pay every month on my cell phone bill or for
my cable bill, stuff like that.
But it's low enough that a lot of people can afford it.
In poor countries, this is not necessarily the case, but that's changing.
Bandwidth is high.
So what this means is that you can transmit lots of data fast.
And that actually enables a lot of different features.
So streaming movies for instance, right?
If you want to stream video, you need a lot of bandwidth, right?
As opposed to just sending data.
If you want to send email, you don't need a lot of bandwidth.
Email has a certain amount of text and it doesn't take much data to transmit.
But if you want to support video,
you need pretty good bandwidth to support it in real time.
To send the frames, lots of pixels, it takes you a lot of bandwidth.
But bandwidth is available in a lot of places.
And wirelessly too.
So you can, through wi-fi or
some other type of wireless technology, cell phones, you can actually get enough
bandwidth to be able to see videos through that technology.
So the bandwidth actually has enabled a lot of different features in IoT devices.
Thank you.
[MUSIC]
