This is a course in basic journalism skills, designed for the many people who are now taking advantage of new media to publish news, views and information. For five hundred years, the privilege of being able to publish was enjoyed by very few people – those who had access to a printing press or a radio microphone or a television camera. Now, almost anyone can publish to the world within minutes of being able to do so. But is it journalism? How does a citizen journalist find things out, so they can report facts and news - moving beyond merely braying opinion? And what are the legal and ethical pitfalls to publishing facts that some people might prefer remain secret? Over six weeks, this course teaches the basics of news writing, how to interview people to gain crucial information, how to develop and manage your sources and how to use your legal rights to access public information - and stay on the right side of the law when you publish. We discuss the ethics behind journalism practice, and conduct a mock investigation into local government. This course aims to empower engaged citizens to better participate in the news ecology. View the MOOC promotional video here: http://tinyurl.com/jj46rxw
1.1 What is a journalist? Part A
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来自 The University of Melbourne 的课程
Journalism Skills for Engaged Citizens
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从本节课中
What is a Journalist, and What is News?
This week we will discuss what journalism is, what journalists do, and how this has been affected over time by technology. We'll think about the exciting changes of our own time – the first in human history when the means of publication are in everyone's hands. We will then talk about the principles of news writing, and the nature of news. Finally, we will introduce Newstown, a fictitious place in Victoria, Australia. We also attend a news conference held in the Newstown Council Chambers. We will be using Newstown as the basis of our skills based exercises in this MOOC, so please take the time to become familiar with the town and its issues by following the link to Newstown in the course resources.
与讲师见面
Dr. Denis MullerSenior Lecturer and Senior Research Fellow
Centre for Advancing Journalism
Dr. Margaret SimonsAssociate Professor and Director
Centre for Advancing Journalism
Hello.
Welcome to this first lecture in our Citizen Journalism course.
My name is Margaret Simons.
I'm a journalist of 35 years experience and also Director of the Centre for
Advancing Journalism at the University of Melbourne.
We put this course together partly because journalism is,
without a doubt, probably the fastest changing profession on the planet.
And one of the things that is definitely happening is that citizens,
increasingly armed with mobile phones and
other communication tools, are committing acts of journalism.
It's a good time to ask this fundamental question, what is a journalist?
And also to think about what the important principles of the profession are, and have
been, at a time when just about everything about how it's practice is changing.
And so in this first lecture,
I'm going to talk about some definitions of journalism from various sources.
If you like, the highest aspirations or principles of the profession.
Now here's one statement of those high aspirations.
This is drawn from the Media, Entertainment, and
Arts Alliance Code of Ethics,
which is the code of ethics that applies to journalists practicing in Australia.
But you'll find very similar ideas in just about every code of principles or
ethics right around the world in journalism.
As we'll see, you'll see the same ideas recurring again and again.
First up, respect for truth and the public's right to information.
Now, we could run a whole philosophy course on what we mean by truth.
As we'll see, journalists mean by truth a very practical
sort of truth rather than the philosophical truth.
We'll talk a little bit more about that in a moment.
The next idea is that notion that the public actually have a right
to information.
And Western democracies, of course, the idea of citizens being
informed goes hand in hand with the ability to cast a sensible vote.
But there is encapsulated in all sorts of documents of human rights, the notion
that people have a right to communicate about issues of common concern.
And journalists are key to the information chain.
The next little bit highlighted there is a phrase that's particularly powerful,
I think, and one of my favourites.
Journalists describe society to itself.
Now that's a really interesting idea, isn't it?
And it gives you some idea of the range of different ways in which it's possible
to be a journalist, obviously reporting public events, and politics, and so on.
But also entertainment, lifestyle,
the enormous array of things which make up a complex modern society.
Journalism is one of the ways in which society knows itself.
And therefore, is able to make decisions about itself and
about how human beings are going to live together.
Journalists convey information, ideas, and opinions.
A whole, again, a big range of things and this is a privileged role.
One of the things that arises because of the ways in which journalism is changing
is with that privilege is now becoming more broadly held or
more thinly spread across society.
Journalists search, disclose, record, question,
entertain, suggest, and remember.
All very powerful words, each one complex in their own right.
Journalists inform citizens and animate democracy.
Now, obviously, it is possible to have journalism without democracy.
Many countries in the world would fit under than heading including, for
example, China and other countries, as well.
But even there, the journalist's role in informing citizens is really
important to the ability of the country to be governed.
If you don't have an informed citizenry,
it's pretty much impossible to govern a big, complex, modern country.
Journalists give a practical form to freedom of expression.
And then, the important idea, that although journalists work in private
enterprise, their main duty is to the public, that they have these public
responsibilities, also that journalists scrutinise power but also exercise power.
And, therefore, should be accountable, which is part of the point, of course,
of having a code of ethics.
So that journalists can measure themselves against it, but also though so what
the public knows what it should be able to expect from professional journalists.
So, that's an Australian statement of these aspirations,
but they're not just limited to Australia.
The American journalists, Bill Kovach and Tom Rosentiel,
interviewed dozens of journalists in search of ten elements which
constituted the heart of the professional, the principles of good journalism.
And again, we see that idea occurring; that a journalists first obligation
is to the truth.
Now, it's a down to earth kind of truth.
And as we'll see in our later principle, it begins with the idea of assembling and
verifying facts.
So we don't just report things which we believe to be true or
things which we've been told are true.
A journalist will do everything they can to actually verify the truth
of what's published or broadcast by talking to people,
by observing events, by accessing documents.
And that's the difference between somebody putting up a rumour on Facebook,
if you like, and publishing something as a professional piece of journalism.
Again, the idea of recurs that journalism's first loyalty is to citizens.
And that the pubic interest and the truth must come before the journalist's own
self-interest or indeed, that of their employers.
And again, the idea of verification.
Journalism's essence, these journalists said, is a discipline of verification.
Now, interestingly, Kovach and Rosentiel found that being impartial or
neutral was not necessarily a core principle of journalism.
It was the method that was objective, not the journalist.
Now, what that means is that the journalist may well start with
some opinions or some preconceptions about an issue, and
they may end with a strong point of view on an issue.
But in order to research them, in order to research a story,
they must go out into the world in an objective fashion, seeking truth, and
prepared to change their minds in the light of the evidence.
So it's the method which is objective, not necessarily individual journalists or
even the final result of the journalism.
This is an idea where we'll turn to later in this course.
Journalists must maintain an independence from those they cover and, indeed,
from their employers.
And so, journalists should not be captive to one faction in politics or
one part of business.
And this, of course, is one of the key differences between journalism and
public relations.
Public relations can be a perfectly ethical profession.
But, its first duty is, obviously, to the client or
the organisation which is employing the operative.
And then, the skills set can be similar between journalism and public relations.
The thing which divides them is the idea of journalists
remaining independent in order to serve citizens first.
Journalism has always served as an independent monitor of power.
It's not the only independent monitor of power.
Increasingly, we're seeing social media, for example,
also independently monitoring what powerful people are doing.
And that's if you're like the crowd or
ordinary citizens operating in that fashion.
But traditionally, journalism has been one of the main ways in which people
have been informed and been able to keep a check on powerful governments,
powerful business, and other people in society.
The idea that journalists form a watchdog, if you like on society,
and we'll report on corruption, on abuses of parents, so on.
This is one of the main ways which people are safe-guarded against tyranny.
Journalism must also provide a forum for public criticism and compromise.
In other words, journalism and, perhaps particularly now when
we have social media and journalistic use of social media, media organisations can
provide a town square, if you like, where citizens can come together and
discuss issues of common concern based on the facts and work out ways forward.
That is a really important function of media, always has been, but
perhaps is newly powerful now in the social media age.
Now, journalism doesn't do all these things in
a way that is highly technical or difficult to read.
Journalists are not academics.
They don't publish in journals which only have a few readers.
They're reaching, or trying to reach, a mass audience.
And part of the role of a journalist is to try to keep the significant stories
interesting and relevant to the audience.
It is storytelling.
Storytelling is one of the most basic things that human beings do.
Journalism, though, is storytelling with true facts and with a purpose.
So one of the things that divides journalists from others,
who describes society to itself, is that journalists try to do it clearly and
in a way that is interesting and relevant to the audience.
Now here, is another idea or
principal of journalism which is related to that idea of truth.
Journalism must keep the news comprehensive and proportional.
This is also related to that idea of objectivity.
The American Journalist and Scholar, James Rosen,
who suggested that good journalism is like a map.
Now when we make a map, we bring all sorts of decisions to that process.
We could map all sorts of different things.
We can do a road map, or a map of waterways, or a map of population flows,
or a map of key buildings, which map we make is a value judgement.
But a map which is distorted, which leaves things out,
or which is out of proportion is really useless.
And so, again, journalism has this very practical relationship to the truth.
Journalism must reflect the world as it is, rather than,
as the journalist wishes it were or thinks that it aught to be.
Otherwise, it's not going to be useful to people.
And, the discipline of journalism is that good journalism should enable citizens to
navigate society.
It's a useful thing, good journalism.
And that is, again, about really a discipline and
an art of verification, a slavishness to the evidence, if you like.
Journalists must also be allowed to exercise their personal conscience.
Again, this is related to independence.
They shouldn't be seduced by their sources.
Sometimes easier said than done.
They shouldn't be intimidated by power, and
they shouldn't be compromised by self interest or by taking bribes.
They should be independent, curious, and open-minded.
I actually think curiosity is, perhaps,
the core qualification to be a good journalist.
I often think I'm one because I'm fundamentally nosy.
And here is an idea, which has fresh power in the social media age,
in an age when most of us are armed with mobile phones,
with Internet accounts which allow us to publish to the world,
sometimes within seconds of deciding to do so.
It means that citizens too will be going out into the world and
reporting on it, describing society to itself.
So newly important, citizens, too, have rights and
responsibilities when it comes to the news.
And increasingly, more than ever before in human history,
ordinary people can and will commit acts of journalism.
That's one of the fundamental reasons for this course.
And we're going to look in the next segment about how the role
of the journalist emerged, how it's changed through history, and
perhaps think about how it might be going to change in our own lifetimes.
