Behind every mouse click and touch-screen tap, there is a computer program that makes things happen. This course introduces the fundamental building blocks of programming and teaches you how to write fun and useful programs using the Python language.
Variables
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来自 University of Toronto 的课程
学习编程：基础
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从本节课中
Python, Variables, and Functions
This module gives an overview of the course, the editor we will use to write programs, and an introduction to fundamental concepts in Python including variables, mathematical expressions, and functions.
与讲师见面
Jennifer CampbellAssociate Professor, Teaching Stream
Department of Computer Science
Paul GriesAssociate Professor, Teaching Stream
Department of Computer Science
Hey everyone, you've seen how to evaluate expressions in Python.
In this lecture we're going to show you how to remember the results of those
expressions, so that you can use those values later.
We're going to explore this idea by calculating the areas of some triangles.
As a reminder, if I happen to know the height of the triangle,
I happen to know the width of the base.
Then the area of the triangle is a length
of the base times the height divided by 2.
For example of the height is 12 and the length of the base is 20,
then the area is 20 times 12 over 2.
Let's go explore that in Python.
You already know how to enter that expression.
And get evaluated in Python but, since we've decided to calculate
the values of a couple of triangles, we're actually going to show you
how to introduce the words base and height to represent values.
This is done with assignment statements.
Here is an example.
[SOUND] What this does is it evaluates the 20.
It associates that value with variable X.
This is called a variable, because it's a value that can vary as you'll see.
We'll do something similar for a variable that we'll call height and
then these two names can be used
as if they're values were there on the, in the Python chat.
So bases value is 20, height is associated with the value 12.
Notice that the equal symbol has a very
different meaning in programming than in mathematics.
Because computer programs get rather complicated,
we're going to introduce a notation for describing variables and their values.
What we're going to do is, draw a variable base with the box next to it.
And what happens in Python is 20 doesn't form that box,
instead 20 like any other value Python lives at a particular memory address.
So I'm going to pick an arbitrary memory address.
And I'm going to mark with an X just to make it different from other numbers.
Let's say that memory address x3, the value 20 appears.
The assignment statement states that x3 and
puts it in the box associated with base.
So base contains x3 and in some sense what
that means is that points to memory address x3 where the value 20 lives.
Similarly there is a variable height.
And Python keeps track of its value in that little box.
And its value is a memory address.
I'm going to pick x7.
These are arbitrary, Python is in charge of that choice, and so
I don't need to worry about exactly what the memory address is as long as
I know that this relationship between variables and their values exists.
Getting back to our programming problem, we can actually use base and
height in an expression.
So if I do base times height divided by 2,
I end up with the same result as if I had typed 20 times 12 divided by 2.
We can also assign the result of that last expression to a variable,
we'll call it area, and let's check it's value.
What we're going to do now is we're going to give base and height new values.
Using assignment statements again.
So let's assign the value of 2.5 to variable base.
What this does in my picture is it gets me a new value 2.5, and
a particular memory address perhaps, x4
and it replaces the assignment statement replaces this x3 with value x4.
So, the base no longer points to the 20, instead base is associated
with the 2.5.
Similarly, I can assign the height.
What this is going to do, of course, is.
Put 7 at a particular memory address, perhaps x1 and the assignment statement
is going to take that x1, and it's going to put it in variable height.
Making this connection so that height now refers to the 7.
Using Ctrl+P I am going to move back up to my old calculation of area.
And as we're just about to see this new area is 8.75,
which is indeed what you get if you take 2.5, multiply it by 7 and divide by 2.
Every assignment statement has the form variable is assigned expression.
Here are the rules for executing an assignment statement.
And you should do your best to memorize these,
because this is going to come up over and over in the course.
Step one, evaluate the expression on the right hand side.
The value of the expression has a memory address.
Store that memory address in the variable on the left hand side.
Every programming language has a set of rules for what a legal name is.
In Python, variable names must start with a letter or the underscore character and
it can contain letters, numbers and underscores.
Both uppercase and
lowercase letters are allowed, badly formed variable names cause syntax errors.
So for example,
if we try to start a variable name with a number, we're told we can't.
Similarly, if we include a non-alphabet, non-underscore,
non-numeric character in the variable name, Python will complain.
Python is also case sensitive, so
seconds_in_minute is perfectly valid variable name.
But it's different.
From any other combination of uppercase and lowercase characters.
The first one, seconds in minute, is of course more readable than the second one
with those capital letters, and choosing good names is important,
because programs can easily be used, read, and improved on for years.
Every programming language has a set of conventions for
how to choose a name, much like web sites have a particular style and layout.
In Python most variable names use only lowercase
letters with underscores to separate words, we call this pothole case.
