5.4. Behavior: The Window to Stress

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来自 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 的课程

Sustainable Food Production Through Livestock Health Management

95 个评分

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Sustainable Food Production Through Livestock Health Management

95 个评分

Learn about the impact of infectious disease on sustainable animal-based food production by understanding the science of growth, immunity, and infection and by learning the problem-solving skills needed to advance animal health and food production through optimal management practices. There is a growing global need in agricultural production for a workforce that is capable of integrating knowledge of animal health and production with an understanding of consumer preferences in the context of economic reality, business efficiency, and ethical constraint. However, current evidence suggests that there is a growing shortage of people with the knowledge and problem-solving skills required to match the rapid advances being made in animal health, science, and food production. The results of this shortage are wide-ranging and could lead to challenges in food security and agricultural economic competitiveness in some countries. In this course we will explore the effect of infectious disease on sustainable animal-based food production. The content and learning outcomes of this new course will be designed to be relevant across different food production sectors (i.e., beef, dairy, poultry, and pigs). While the instructors will provide the participants with a strong scientific base for understanding the impact of infectious disease in animal-based food production, the emphasis of the material will be on practical problem-solving and will be directed towards equipping participants with a platform for developing the skills needed to contribute to sustainable food production.

从本节课中

Week 5: Our Role in Preventing Infectious Disease

This week we will be discussing the role of caregivers in managing, preventing, and controlling infectious disease in livestock-based production systems, and help you appreciate how an understanding of the prey-predator relationship can be used in the design of management strategies to offset physical, physiological, and psychological stress.

5.1. Building Defense by Building a Fence 9:31

5.2. Maximizing Defense by Customizing the Fence 8:34

5.3. Stress Biology: Caring for the Inside First 10:45

5.4. Behavior: The Window to Stress 6:18

5.5. Predators and Prey: The Origins of Stress 3:42

5.6. Thoughtful Management: The Foundation of Well-Being 5:42

5.7. Changing Stress Part 1: Movement 12:07

5.8. Changing Stress Part 2: Thermal 7:09

与讲师见面

Dr. Jim Lowe, DVM, MS, Dip ABVP (Food Animal)
Associate Professor
Integrated Food Animal Management Systems, College of Veterinary Medicine
Dr. Brian Aldridge, BVSc, MS, PhD, Dip ACVIM (Large Animal), MRCVS
Clinical Professor
Integrated Food Animal Management Systems, College of Veterinary Medicine

[MUSIC]

So one of the most important ways of preventing or minimizing

infectious disease is maximizing the immune defense in our hosts.

And we have a whole range of management practices,

which impact the immune status of those animals.

When an animal's immune system responds abnormally to a managemental situation,

we call it stress.

That's a very broad term, really.

The calving period is a time in which we need to manage the stress very,

very carefully.

It is a natural process and there's a natural stress.

There is a normal magnitude in which the difficulty

in giving birth helps the calf's adaptation to the new environment.

It helps the establishment of a good immune system for the calf.

It has them take their first breath.

It helps the circulation get established.

It helps them adapt to this brand new environment they're in.

So monitoring calving, watching calving, observing,

making sure that you understand the different signs at

different stages of the carving process is very, very important.

And not letting any one stage go too long, and

intervening in the right stage is an important bit in managing stress.

So what we want to do is follow some cows through the calving process to give you

some idea about what the signs are of normal calving.

So that as you are looking at animals, or

you are involved in those kinds of processes perhaps.

You might be able to look at the host and know what's going on inside.

Let's see if we can get inside the head of this cow and see what she's thinking.

This cow is within one to two hours of calving.

So what's happening inside of her are the first stages of the preparation for

the calf coming out of the vaginal tract.

So the mechanical processes are instituted by a number of endocrinological changes,

there's hormone changes that are making sure that the uterus is sensitized and

ready to move the calf out.

One of the first signs of stage one parturition is abdominal pain.

So myometrial contractions are taking place.

The uterus, the muscle of the uterus is contracting.

And so for the cow that's probably quite an unusual feeling.

In humans we talk about that as the contractions and

that's when things are moving along, that's the time to go to the hospital.

But for this cow, she's uncomfortable.

She's walking around, she's, making,

taking abnormal postures with her back leg spread.

She's switching her tail, she's looking at her abdomen.

She's salivating, she might think she wants to urinate or defecate.

You can see also that the hormone changes,

the endocrinological changes are getting the milk production ready.

So her udder is quite tense and taut.

That's because it's full of milk.

And here she is.

She might feel I need to urinate, or I need to defecate.

But what's happening is the fetus is going, and

that is the first sign of fetal fluid.

So that wasn't urine that was quite a thick fluid that came out,

and that is actually the first fetal fluids.

So that means as the muscles of the uterus are contracting, the calf is now coming up

into the pelvis, and the fecal water, the first membranes are going to be broken and

we are going to see some fecal membranes.

Now you can see the stickiness on the back of that udder.

Urine normally comes out in a thin stream but that was quite mucusy and sticky,

and it's sticking to the back of her udder.

So, again, she walks past the water trough.

She's looking as though she's holding her legs apart.

She's slightly anxious, not know what's going on.

She's not eating, not drinking, she'll go up to the water trough several times, but

not take a drink.

She might go to the hay bale, and here there's ample food, and

ample water available at all time.

An excellent management system.

So, she's in stage one, she's not abdominally pressing at all,

she's not forcing anything out.

The calf is not yet in the pelvic canal, but the uterus is contracting and

that is what is making her uncomfortable and walking around.

You can see how the tail is raised.

She knows that something is going on.

She is flicking her tail and instead of the tail being sitting back and resting,

against the perennium, the anus, and the vagina, it's held up high.

And that's purposeful, because that's going to minimize some

of the contamination that the calf is going to experience as it comes out.

You see when they calf, they lift their tail up.

If that was covered in feces that might be exposing the calf to too many microbes.

So actually, the natural process of lifting the tail up makes sure that

the calf doesn't get exposed to too many microbes.

Again, you can see her compared to the other cows in the neighboring pen.

Some of them have had calves already and they are resting.

They're chewing their cud.

They are moving around, licking their legs,

doing normal processes showing that they are not exhibiting any abdominal pains.

So the contrast between cows that have had calves or

cows that are a long way off calving, and this cow in which calving is imminent

within the next 60 to 120 minutes, if all goes normally.

Is something to be noted and that's how you would,

in a group pick out a cow that needs close observation.

[MUSIC]

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