Neste curso, você conhecerá os princípios fundamentais da macroeconomia geralmente ensinados em cursos trimestrais ou semestrais para alunos de graduação ou MBA. E, talvez mais importante ainda, você também aprenderá a aplicar esses princípios a uma grande variedade de situações, tanto de sua vida particular quanto profissional. Assim, o Poder da Macroeconomia vai ajudá-lo a ser bem-sucedido em um ambiente globalizado e cada vez mais competitivo. This is a translated version. To join the original English version, please visit this page https://www.coursera.org/learn/principles-of-macroeconomics
Dos quatro motores do crescimento econômico em detalhe
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NN
May 15, 2016
Muito didático. Curso útil para quem precisa conhecer um pouco sobre Macroeconomia mas também para economistas dedicados a outras áreas retomarem os conceitos básicos essenciais.
ES
Jun 27, 2016
Um excelente curso, para aqueles que se interessam pelo assunto com toda certeza não ficarão satisfeitos, pois nenhum nível de estudo é o suficiente para verdadeiros estudiosos.
从本节课中
Crescimento econômico e Produtividade
教学方
Dr. Peter Navarro
Professor
[MUSIC]
Labor inputs include, of course the quantity of workers.
However, many economists believe that the quality
of labor inputs, the skills, knowledge, and
discipline of the labor force, is the
single most important element in economic growth.
A country might buy the most modern telecommunications
devices, computers, electricity generating equipment, and fighter aircraft.
However, these capital goods
can be effectively used and maintained only by skilled and trained workers.
Improvements in literacy, health, and discipline, and most recently, the
ability to use computers, add greatly to the productivity of labor.
The second supply factor or production is natural resources.
The important resources here are, arable land, oil and gas, forests, water,
and mineral resources. Some high income countries like Canada
and Norway, have grown primarily on the basis of their ample resource base.
With large outputs in agriculture, fisheries, and forestry.
Similarly, the United States with its temperate farmlands
is the world's largest producer and exporter of grains.
But the possession of natural
resources is hardly necessary for economic success in the modern world.
New York City prospers primarily on its high density service industries.
While many countries that have virtually no
natural resources, such as Japan, have thrived
by concentrating on sectors that depend more
on labor and capital than on indigenous resources.
The third supply factor
of growth is capital formation.
Tangible capital includes structures like roads, and
power plants, and equipment, like trucks and computers.
In this regard, some of the most dramatic stories
in economic history, often involve the rapid accumulation of capital.
For example, in the 19th century, the transcontinental
railroads of North America brought commerce to the American
heartland, which had been living in isolation.
While in the 20th century, successive
waves of investment in automobiles, roads, and
power plants, increase productivity, and provided
the infrastructure which created entire new industries.
Note, however, that accumulating capital requires a
sacrifice of current consumption over many years.
Countries that grow rapidly, tend to invest heavily in new capital goods.
In the most rapidly growing countries, 10 to
20% of output may go into capital formation.
In this regard when we think of capital
we must not concentrate only on private sector investment.
In fact, many investments are undertaken
only be governments, and provide the necessary
social overhead capital and infrastructure for businesses to prosper.
Roads, irrigation and water projects, and public health measures are important.
All these involve large investments, that tend to be
indivisible, or lumpy, and sometimes have increasing returns to scale.
These projects generally involve external economies or spill-overs,
that private firms cannot capture.
So the government must step in, to ensure that they are effectively undertaken.
In addition to the three supply factors discussed above, technological advance has
been a vital fourth ingredient in the rapid growth of living standards.
Historically, growth has definitely not been a process of simple replication,
adding rows of steel mills, or power plants next to each other.
Rather, a never-ending stream of inventions
and technological advances led to a
vast improvement in the production possibilites
of Europe, North America, and Japan.
Technological change denotes changes in production processes
or the introduction of new products or services.
Process inventions that have greatly increased productivity
were the steam engine, the generation of electricity,
the internal combustion engine, the wide bodied
jet, the photocopier machine, and the fax machine.
Fundamental product inventions include the telephone, the radio,
the airplane, the phonograph, the television, and the VCR.
Today the most dramatic technological developments
are occurring in electronics and computers.
Where tiny notebook computers can now out perform the fastest computer of the 1960s.
These inventions provide the most
spectacular examples of technological change.
But technological change is a continuous process of small and large improvements.
This is witnessed
by the fact that the United States issues over 100,000 new patents annually.
And there are millions of other small refinements that
are part of the routine progress of an economy.
While the four supply factors of growth relate to the physical ability of the
economy to expand, there are two other factors that are equally important.
First, there is the demand factor.
To realize its growing production potential, a nation
must fully employ its expanding supply of resources.
This requires a growing level of aggregate demand.
Second, there is the efficiency factor.
To reach its production potential, a nation must not only
achieve full employment, but also two kinds of economic efficiency.
Specifically, a country must achieve productive efficiency.
That is, it must use its existing and new resources
in the least costly way to produce what it does.
And it must also achieve allocative efficiency, meaning that the specific
mix of goods and services it produces must maximize society's well-being.
An idea developed more
fully in microeconomics. Now, we can illustrate how the six factors
of economic growth interact using the following production possibilities curve.
Here we see that a country starts at point A.
Then growth is made possible by the four
supply factors which shift the production possibilities curve outward.
As from A-B
to C-D. But economic growth is realized only when
the demand and efficiency factors move the economy from point A to point B.
This table summarizes the results of one of
the most famous studies ever conducted in economics.
The study was done by Edward Denisen.
He estimated what percentage of annual U.S.
growth between 1929 and 1982 was accounted for by each factor listed in the table.
Here, we see quite clearly that productivity growth has been the
most important force underlying the growth of U.S. real output and income.
In particular, while item one shows that 1 3rd
of the increase in real output occurred because of increases
in the quantity of labor, item 2 indicates that the
remaining 2 3rds was due to increases in labor productivity.
Now here is where this table really
gets interesting, because it helps answer this question.
Which factors of growth have been
most instrumental in increasing labor productivity?
Clearly, the quantity of capital, more education and training,
economies of scale and production, and
improved resource allocation, have all been important.
However, the most important factor, accounting for a
full 28% of increased productivity, has been technological advance.
Just as our growth theory suggested.
And by the way, you should note that the eighth category is a negative number.
It estimates the negative impact that legal and
regulatory constraints have had on productivity and growth.
