Hi, welcome back. Make yourself comfortable. With this segment, you're finishing the whole first half of the course. [LAUGH] We've covered a huge amount of ground. And as some of you have pointed out in the discussion threads, there are only about a zillion things that we could of covered and haven't talked about yet. But all I want to do in this segment is not give you new material, I just want to step back and try to simplify and organize a little bit of what we've covered in a really big picture way. It's going to be simplistic, but I think it's useful to just try to keep a big picture in view. You'll remember as a starting point we drew this big contrast between the traditional world and the modern world. You see a big swing of changes in the late 1700s and certainly by 1800. So we kind of just picked as a starting point around 1760. And I call attention to a Commercial Revolution, a Military Revolution, and democratic revolutions. And we saw how actually those aren't three separate Stories; they're stories that converge, interact with, reinforce each other. They�re producing in the early 1800s those really important changes: the emergence of a smaller number of great powers, great powers that can use some of the capabilities unleashed by these changes and especially the rise of nation states. So new kinds of political communities become more dominant. We also saw the discovery [NOISE] of industrial and scientific power. Notice, I don't say that industrial and scientific power is full grown, just that people discovered how extraordinary industrial and scientific capabilities could be. So, it attracts all kinds of additional attention and investment, which allows it to make the next stage of takeoff. This is also a period in which we saw a kind of global Europe, in which European ideas, European commerce, direct European coercion touches almost every part of the world, causing interactions of many kinds. The result, then, is these things come together to create a really new set of conditions. There is a kind of a transition period in which all these possibilities are being digested. I kind of put that transition period in the 1870s-1880s. And then, really in the 1880s and certainly by 1890, contemporaries sensed this great acceleration. [NOISE] Okay, the rise of modern capitalism. The rise of modern nation states. These revolutionary nation states that are transforming their societies, which in turn sets the stage for this great struggle that will last for about a hundred years: How should we organize these modern societies? And I kind of drew out the basic contenders in that struggle, the battle lines, and I gave you some illustrations of how those battles started to get engaged in the first years of the 20th century. And next week, we'll see how those battles converged into a huge crackup, better known as the First World War. See you then.
