比如说第一个阶段是口头语言 The first stage concerns oral language. 口头语言时代 Who was the most ideal iconical educator 最有代表性的一个大教育家是谁 in the era of oral tradition? 就是苏格拉底 Socrates. 你看我给大家选了两幅画 I have two paintings for you. 两幅画都描述的是 Both of them depict a scene 整个希腊的那种口头语言 of oral education, 就是对话式的教学的场景 or dialogic teaching in ancient Greece. 所以大家仔细看 Look at the paintings carefully. 在这个场景里是没有书的 You'll find that there are no books in the scene. 如果你看到哪幅画里 If you find a book 描述的口传时代带有一本书的话 in a painting depicting the era of oral tradition, 这个描述肯定是错误的 it's definitely a mistakeprobably wrong. 在口传的这样一种技术的 How was education practiced 生态环境下 in the ecosystem 教育怎么实施呢 of oral tradition? 教育就是靠人和人的口头对话 It was practiced by dialogue between people. 那么知识怎么样去保存和传递呢 Then how was knowledge preserved and transmitted? 它靠的是人的记忆 It relied on people's memory. 记忆本身是非常不准确的 Memory itself can be very inadequateinaccurate. 所以由此产生了口传时代的 It thus gave rise to many features 很多的这种特征等等 of education in the era of oral tradition. 所以这是第一个 So, this is the first stage. 我们人类教育所实施 Oral language was the earliest 所采用的一种最早的信息技术 information technology 就是口头语言 used by educators. 第二个阶段其实就是 The second stage concerns 柏拉图和亚士多德所采用的 the approach used by Plato and Aristotle's approach. 那个时候希腊人已经创制了 At that time, the Greeks had developed their alphabet. 今天的整个字母文字 The origin 最早的一个源头 of today's alphabetic languages 就是希腊的字母文字体系 can be traced back to the Greek alphabet. 那么这个希腊这种文字体系 In the beginning, 它最早写在莎草纸上 Greek scripts were written on papyri 后来又写到了羊皮纸上 and then on parchments. 我在这儿也给大家展示了最早的 I'll show you one of the earliest manuscripts here. 你看 书卷它是一个卷起来的 You see, it was 就羊皮卷和莎草卷 a scroll made from parchment or papyrus, 不是像我们今天册子本的书 different from the codices we use today. 什么时候书的形制 When did the form of books 变成了今天的册子本的书呢 change into what we use today? 这个过程据学者考证 According to research, 它跟基督教的这个传教 the process has a lot to do with 有很大的关系 the mission of Christianity. 可能是为了携带方便 Perhaps, in order Likely tto make books easy to carry, 所以图书大约在 people gradually changed 公元一世纪到三世纪四世纪之间 from scrolls to today's codices 逐渐的从那种卷子本 between the first century 变成了今天的册子本 and the third or fourth century. 在这个册子本初见之后 At the time that codices came into being, 当时就是知识的表达方式 knowledge was mainly expressed 主要靠比如说用字母文字 in written form, like alphabetic texts, 写在这种莎草卷或者是羊皮卷上 on papyrus or on parchment scrolls. 那怎么样出版呢 But how were books published? 因为有一个卷的话 Did you know that one scroll 只有一个人能看到 对吧 could only be read by one person at the same time, right? 我们怎么能让更多的人能接触 How could more people 看到这样的人类经验和智慧呢 receive get access to human experience and wisdom? 那时候的图书出版方 During that era, 靠的就是手工抄写 books were handwritten and published. 你看我这儿有一张图片 Look, I have a picture here 给大家展示了 that depicts 这就是一个抄书匠的一个画面 a scribe copying books. 所以在人类历史很长一段时间 So, for a long time in human history, 尤其在西方历史上 especially in the west, 一直到中世纪 people published books 持续到15世纪以前 mainly in the form of handwriting 西方主要的图书出版方式 throughout the Middle Ages, 就是靠人的手工抄写 until till the 15th century. 这是第二个段 This is the second stage. 第三个阶段其实到了 The third stage 对今天教育影响最大的 is marked by printing technology 就是印刷技术 which impacts today's education the most. 那么这个印刷技术包括第一个维度 The first dimension of printing technology 它知识的表达 was the expression of knowledge. 当然还是从属于字母文字 It was, of course, expressed in the form of alphabetic texts. 但是这个时候的字母文字 But at thate time, 就更为丰富了 there were more alphabetic languages. 有拉丁文 Gradually Latin books 后来又逐渐转成了通俗语版的 were translated gradually included versions ofinto other common languages, 比如说德语 法语 英语 like such as German, French and English. 这些民族语言逐渐的成形 These national languages took shape little by little. 他们都属于字母文字 They are all alphabetic languages. 那么印刷技术时代 When the era of printing technology came, 中国的蔡伦的这个人造纸技术 China's papermaking technique invented by Cai Lun 已经传遍了整个欧洲 had spread to the whole entireof Europe. 然后15世纪中叶 Then, in the mid-1500s, 德国人古登堡 a German, Johannes Gutenberg, 发明了基于这个字母文字的 invented the a letter-based 活字印刷技术 movable type printing technology. 这两项技术合在一起 The combination of the two technologies 就大大的增加了日常生活中 gave common people access 我们普通人可以接触到的 to more information and reading materials, 这种信息的读物的这个种类和数量 both in types and in number. 比如说这个就是古登堡发明的 This is the printing press 那个印刷机 invented by Gutenberg. 旁边的那个就是排字的 Next to it are some boxes for typesetting 那样一些盒子 还有一些字钉 and some metal letters. 然后现在这儿给大家展示的就是 What I'm presenting here is 其中第一个就是古登堡圣经 the Gutenberg Bible. 就第一本真的是被活字 It Twas the first book printed 这样一种技术印刷出来的图书 by using the movable type printing technology. 就是古登堡圣经 The is the Gutenberg Bible was the first. 另外随着这种字母文字 SinceAs alphabetic texts 因为它印刷速度会比较快 could be printed very quickly, 紧接着又出现了一些 soon after, 像那种小册子 报纸 printed materials such as pamphlets, newspapers, etc., and other reading materials 这样的一些快速的信息出版物 with short a fast publication processlifecycles 就出现了 began to appearcame into beings. 我们今天一直延续出版到今天 One of the earliest journals 最早的一本 that has survived to the present day, 其实就是今天的英国皇家学会会刊 is the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society". 它早期刚刚出版的时候 When it was first published, 是叫哲学汇编 the journal was called "Philosophical Transactions". 就是学术的 It was an academic journal 就连续出版的学术期刊 that was published continuously. 这样一些出版物就逐渐出现了 Similar publications Publications like this gradually came into beinggradually appeared. 所以随着这样各种各样的 Therefore, 出版物的出现 with the variety of publications, 就大大的丰富了人们日常生活中 people had more opportunities 接触信息 接受教育的机会 to receive information and education in daily life. 我们今天所熟知的这样一套 Printing technology bredgave birth to 以班级授课制为核心的 the modern school system 现代学校制度 centering on based on classroom teaching, 就是在印刷技术环境下出现的 with which we're familiar. 在19世纪30年代 In the 1930s, 我们人类进入到了 human beings entered into the fourth stage: 第四个传播技术这样的一个阶段 the stage of media technology development. 这个阶段我们把它称为叫 We call it the stage of 电子传播 electronic media. 它的代表性的技术最早是电报 Example techTypical technologies of this stage in the earliest days include telegraphs in the earliest days 后来有了广播和电视 and later radio and television broadcasting. 广播电视这种技术出现之后 After the birth of radio and television broadcasting, 实际上我们在一个 We hadthere were two symbol systems 传播过程里面的这个符号表达 for expression 就出现了两套符号体系 in the process of transmission. 一套是跟我们人的感官 One symbol system 比如说眼睛 耳朵还有接触的 is related to our sensory organs, 这样一套符号体系 such as eyes and ears. 我们把它叫表意符号系 We call it the ideogram system. 另外其实在它的存储和传播的 Whereas in another symbol system,While in the process 过程里面 During the process of storage of storage and transmission, 它实际上是以那种 information is actually transmitted 模拟电信号的形式去传播的 in the form of analog signals., 模拟电信号的传播速度约等于 Thereotically, whose the velocity of analog signals is approximately equal 理论上 等于光速 to the speed of light, theoretically. 所以这个传播就是大大加快了 This mode kind of transmission has accelerated 全球不同区域人的这种交流 the communication among people in different regions of the world, 所以真正把世界 turning the planet 变成了一个地球村 into a global village. 在广播电视这种技术出现之后 After the invention radio and television broadcasting arose, 我们人类也开始尝试 people began to 采用这种新的技术 apply this new technologyOffer educational services 作为一种教育的服务和提供方式 with the new technologyto educational services. 在这种技术环境下 In this technological environmentWith the help of such technology, 出现那种最重要的教育形态 the most important form of education appeared: 其实就是我们今天的 the radio and television university program 广播电视大学 that we know today. 当然中国现在改名了 Of course, it's now renamed as 叫国家开放大学 the Open University of China. 世界上第一所 The first institution 通过广播电视 engaged adopted in distance education 进行远程教育的机构 through radio and television broadcasting 就是英国开放大学 in the world 就是Open University is The Open University of the UK. 然后中国的它出现于1969年 In China… 它是1969年建立的 The Open University of the UK appeared in 1969. 那么中国的中央广播电视大学 China Central Radio and TV University 是1979年建立的 was established in 1979. 最后就要说到我们今天的 At last, 互联网了 we come to the stage of iInternet era. 所以我们今天互联网出现之后 After the birth of the Iinternet, 首先在这个表意符号系统的 这个维度上 in the dimension of the ideogram system, 我们是越来越丰富了 we have more and more meansricher expressio forms, 用了文字 图片 游戏 视频等等 such as texts, pictures, games, videos and others. 所以今天我们会认为 SoTherefore, today we think that 在线教育的一个非常重要的特征 a very important feature of online education should be 就是我们很多的知识的这个表达 the expression and transmission 包括它的传播 of knowledge 已经大量的开始借助于互联网 completed through with the Iinternet, 这样一种环境 through this environment
in the Internet envrionment, 这样一种平台 on the Internet platformor platform, 不再局限于纸的这种图书 instead of rather than being limited restricted to paper hardcopy sbooks. 这是它第一个重要的一个特征 This is the first important feature of online education. 第二个重要特征就是我们在 The second important feature, 互联网的这种技术支持下 is backed supported by Iinternet technology. 它采用的这种电路是数字电路 Information is expressed in digital electronics, 就是我们俗称的 or as we know,a system consisting of 0 and 1 01的这种表达方式 a binary system consisting of 0 and 1as we know. 那么这种表达方式 This mode way of expression 它可以压缩 allows data compression 也可以做各种计算 and various data calculations. 所以我们今天出现的 Big data, AI and other emerging technologiesy 这种大数据、AI等等 that we have today 都跟它的这种技术 are all closely related 存储和传播的格式有很大的关系 to the way information is digitally stored and transmitted. 在这样一种新的环境下 In this new environment, 我们会发现 wWe would realize that 我们越来越多的这种知识 people are began toincreasingly 它的表达形态 expressing knowledge
express knowledge in a digital way 就开始采用这种数字化的形态 Digitallymore and more frequently. 所以这个时候出现了一种 As a result, 全新的一种教育形式 a new form of education was born. 就是我们这一讲的主题 It is exactly the subject of our lecture, 在线教育 online education.
