Malaria: Vector Control - Dr. Johnson Matowo

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Tropical Parasitology: Protozoans, Worms, Vectors and Human Diseases

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Duke University

Tropical Parasitology: Protozoans, Worms, Vectors and Human Diseases

176 个评分

This course provides students an understanding of important human parasitic diseases, including their life cycles, vectors of transmission, distribution and epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations, treatment, and prevention and control. Tropical Parasitology is taught by faculty from an area highly impacted by tropical parasites- the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College in Moshi, Tanzania. The faculty include Drs. Frank Mosha and Mramba Nyindo (and two lecturers, Drs. Johnson Matowo and Jovin Kitau). Dr. John Bartlett, Professor of Medicine, Global Health and Nursing at Duke University, joins his faculty colleagues in this effort.

从本节课中

Protozoans

We are excited to begin our Protozoa cluster, focusing on malaria, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, and leishmaniasis. Despite advances in prevention and treatment, protozoal diseases contribute substantially to the global burden of morbidity and mortality. This cluster has a total of 153 minutes of video and 85 pages of reading spread out over the four lessons. Each lesson has all of the readings, lectures, and additional materials to help you understand the topic. You will have unlimited opportunities to take an untimed quiz after you’ve mastered the material in each lesson, and you have four quizzes to complete in this cluster. (Note: this cluster includes a case study practice quiz, ungraded, which is optional). This cluster kicks off with a close look at malaria vectors and the fascinating research being done on diagnosing, treating, and vaccinating against malaria. This is by far the largest cluster in the course, so you have up to 3 weeks to complete this cluster.

Malaria: Vectors - Dr. Johnson Matowo4:00

Malaria: Vector Control - Dr. Johnson Matowo6:59

Malaria: Insecticide Resistance and Management - Dr. Johnson Matowo 11:34

Malaria: Epidemiology - Dr. Franklin Mosha8:28

Malaria: Mosquito Breeding Sites - Dr. Franklin Mosha 0:43

Malaria: The Parasite in the Human Body - Dr. Mramba Nyindo11:46

Malaria: Invasion and Colonization of Red Blood Cells by Merozoites - Dr. Mramba Nyindo 6:58

Malaria: The Parasite in the Mosquito - Dr. Mramba Nyindo 7:29

Malaria: Pathophysiology - Dr. John Bartlett7:38

Malaria: Interview with Dr. Venance Maro 4:12

Malaria: Interview with Dr. William Howlett 4:17

与讲师见面

John A. Bartlett, M.D.
Professor of Medicine, Global Health and Nursing at Duke University Medical Center
Duke Global Health Institute
Franklin Mosha, Ph.D.
Professor of Parasitology and Medical Entomology
Mramba Nyindo, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMU Co.)

Welcome everybody to this lecture on vector control.

Vector control is a critical component of global malaria control strategies.

And it is aimed at both adult and larval stages.

The common methods include indoor residual spray, abbreviated as IRS,

Insecticide treated nets, abbreviated as ITNs, personal protection,

and larval source management, abbreviated as LSM.

Indoor residual spraying involves spraying

of insecticides that have residual effect on walls.

And they sprayed using compression sprayer like this one.

And the choice and types of insecticides to be used for

indoor spraying depends on various factors including vector biology,

resistance of target mosquito, acceptability and affordability.

The insecticides that are sprayed include organochlorines such as DDT.

However, DDT has been banned in different parts of

the world because of its negative impact on environment.

Organophosphates include premethos methane, or octane.

Carbamates include bendiocarb while pyrethroids include lamdasihalotrin.

Usually, application of these insecticides is done on,

in much viable concentrate or, water-powder foundations.

Insecticide treated nets can have self protection and mass effect.

Usually these bed nets are conventionally treated using hands,

or they can be treated during manufacturing process at the factory.

And when this is done, we have long-lasting insecticide treated nets.

The chemicals that are usually advocated for bed nets is usually pyrethroids,

which are less toxic and they're quite effective.

Bed nets usually protect even when they're badly torn or

not properly placed under the bed.

They're also affordable and easily to administer.

Personal protection is usually appropriate in areas where

the vector has preference to feed and rest outdoors.

That is, exophagic and exophilic mosquitoes.

It is complementary to IRS and ITNs.

And it involves different approaches, including protective clothing,

improved housing, space spraying with aerosol,

and the use of repellents, including plants extracts

like the oils from cintronella plants and other species.

Zooprophylaxis is also quite effective and

appropriate in areas where the malaria vector is usually exophilic.

In such areas, having cattle close to

residential houses will provide protection to humans

because mosquitos will feed on those animals.

Let's look at larval source management.

Larval source management is effective

in areas where the breeding sites of manageable size can be located.

They are accessible and it is appropriate for urban areas.

In rural areas, the breeding sites are usually small.

For example, hoof prints and large breeding sites are usually not accessible.

Larval source management includes environmental management.

Larviciding the use of biocides and biological control.

With environmental management, we're concerned with filling or

draining of large breeding sites, and also intermittent or overhead irrigation.

There are quite a number of chemicals that

are used as larvicides for vector control, including temephos,

chlorpyrifos, pirimiphos-methly and fenthion.

Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus sphaericus, have been used for

controlling malaria vectors as biocides, and have proved to be quite effective.

Biological control has been applied in different

parts of the world especially in South Eastern Asia where predators

such as Gambusia affinis is used to control malaria vector larvae.

There are so many reports about the decline of malaria worldwide.

And such decline in transmission and clinical burden of malaria and

in particular, that of Plasmodium falciparum is attributed to the following.

One, intensified vector control strategies including the use of bed nets and

indoor residual spraying.

Two, climate change.

Three, improved rapid diagnosis and treatment of cases.

And lastly, improved access to health services.

Thank you for listening.

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