Other Reasons for Government Regulation

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来自 University of California, Irvine 的课程

微观经济学的力量：真实世界中的经济学原理

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University of California, Irvine

微观经济学的力量：真实世界中的经济学原理

875 个评分

In this course, you will learn all of the major principles of microeconomics normally taught in a quarter or semester course to college undergraduates or MBA students. Perhaps more importantly, you will also learn how to apply these principles to a wide variety of real world situations in both your personal and professional lives. In this way, the Power of Microeconomics will help you prosper in an increasingly competitive environment. Note that this course is a companion to the Power of Macroeconomics. If you take both courses, you will learn all of the major principles normally taught in a year-long introductory economics college course.

从本节课中

An Introduction to Microeconomics

Microeconomics Defined and Three Questions Every Economy Must Answer 7:02

The Production Possibility Frontier and Opportunity Costs 6:03

The Fundamental Concepts of Microeconomics and Course Overview 5:53

Other Reasons for Government Regulation3:14

An Overview of Land, Labor, and Capital Markets; Externalities and Public Goods 2:00

与讲师见面

Dr. Peter Navarro
Professor
Paul Merage School of Business

[MUSIC].

But even if there are no failures in the market, there may be a political or

ethical problem with how wealth and income are

distributed, that triggers government intervention into the free market.

To see this, assume for the moment

that the economy is functioning with complete efficiency.

Always on the production-possibility frontier and never inside it.

Always choosing the right amount of public versus private goods and so forth.

Even if the market system works perfectly, it might still lead to a flawed outcome.

This may happen, because incomes are determined by a wide

variety of factors including effort,

education, inheritance, factor prices, and luck.

The resulting income distribution may not correspond to a fair outcome.

A rich man's cat may drink the milk that a poor boy needs

to remain healthy.

Is this happening because the market is failing?

Not at all, for the market mechanism is doing its job.

Putting goods in the hands of those who have the dollar votes.

Put another way, If a country spends more fertilizing its lawns than feeding

poor children, that is a defect of income distribution, not of the market.

Indeed, even the most efficient market system may generate

great inequality.

In this regard if a democratic society does

not like the distribution of dollar votes under

a free market or Laissez-faire market system, it

can take steps to change the distribution of income.

For example, it can engage in progressive taxation, taxing

large incomes at a higher rate than small incomes.

Or, impose heavy taxes on large inheritances

to break the chain of privileged by the same token.

Because low tax rates cannot help those who have no income at

all, governments can make transfer payments

which are money payments to people.

Such transfers today include aid for the elderly,

blind and disabled and for those with dependent children.

As well as unemployment insurance for the

jobless and food stamps and low cost housing

subsidies for the poor.

This system of transfer payments provides a

safety net to protect the unfortunate from privation.

And they are paid for from taxes levied on the more privileged.

It is usual to ask, at this point,

what can economics contribute to debates about equality?

Economics, as a science, cannot answer

such normative or prescriptive questions about how

much of our market incomes, if any, should be transferred to poor families.

This is a political question that can be answered only at the

ballot box, or in some countries, at the point of a gun.

[SOUND].

This table summarizes the various reasons for, and ways that the government

can intervene in the private marketplace. Take a few minutes to study this table.

Note that the bottom half of the table deals with issues in macroeconomics.

While it is the top half dealing with inefficiency

and inequality that shall be our focus in microeconomics.

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