Welcome back. We're going to finish the senses with the chemical senses. So we're going to talk about the last of the special senses. So we're going to be dealing with chemoreceptors, molecules that are going to bind certain chemicals and then eventually lead to a graded potential which will lead to an action potential. So we'll be, obviously, talking about taste and the sense of smell. But then keep in mind as we've mentioned before, there are going to be other chemicals that our body is also monitoring and responding to. Such as detecting osmolarity in the brain, and diss, which we'll talk about when we talk about the kidney, and then talking about the amounts of oxygen and CO2 and the pH of the blood which we'll be talking about when we get to the respiratory system. Let's consider taste first where you're going to have along the surface and kind of in recesses of your tongue, you're going to have taste buds. Which are going to be made up of taste cells which you can think of kind of like segments in an orange that are forming this sphere kind of around a central channel which is called the taste pore. So you can see, that because this taste pore is kind of recessed from the surface of the oral cavity, and because it's going to be really small, that the substances, the molecules that we taste are going to have to be dissolved in liquid. So that's fine because we pretty much constantly have saliva in our mouth, and certainly we have it when we're eating. But that does mean that in order to taste something, we, it needs to be dissolved so that it can enter this little taste p-, pore and expose the tops of these taste cells to the molecule. Then these taste cells will form graded potentials that if they're strong enough, will affect the afferent neurons leading from the taste bud, and to send action potentials into the central nervous system. We can taste different flavors or different taste modalities. We've already said how this, these substances are going to have to be dissolved in saliva. And no matter what we're tasting, the result is that we're going to increase intracellular calcium. That is going to cause a release of neurotransmitters by these tase cells that are going to because graded potentials that if they're great enough or strong enough will because action potentials in that post-synaptic neuron, that neuron that's leading away from the taste bud. And we have a couple of major types of channels that are going to be activated. So, when we're tasting something that's sour it's because we are detecting protons. We're detecting something that's acidic. And then often when we're tasting something that's salty what we're detecting is sodium. Also it can be potassium as well but in either, any case these are going to be ions, and so they're going to act on ion channels that are then going to because an increase in intracellular calcium in the cell. Versus sweets, tasting substances which are going to be sugars. Bitter which are compounds which are often going to be plant alkaloids. And the a fifth taste modality is umami, which is a meaty flavor. So it's, what makes meat taste like meat, but also is what causes mushrooms to taste like meat. Which is when we are sensing amino acids like glutamates. So sugar's, bitter molecules, and amino acids like glutemate, are going to be detected by G-protein coupled receptors. So these tastants will bind the G-protein coupled receptors and then the G-Protein coupled receptors will because a signal transduction pathway to initiate that will increase intracellular calcium and cause the release of neurotransmitter. We're going to finish up with smell which is going to be unique compared to most of the other systems that we've talked about. Especially of the special senses because it is actually the neurons themselves, the primary afferent neurons themselves that are going to be expressing olfactory receptors and actually binding to the odorants. So, in the epithelium covering the nasal cavity is where we have these neurons that are sending out cilia that are, have receptors on them that can bind the odorants and these are again going to be G-protein coupled receptors. So each neuron will express a specific type of G-protein coupled receptor that combine a certain type of molecule. We have several hundred olfactory receptor types. So we're going to have several hundred neuron types that are expected, expressing a certain receptor. But yet we can discriminate about ten thousand odors. So when these odorants bind, they're going to cause a graded potential, which, when great enough, or big enough can lead to an action potential. And it's going to be which neurons are activated and how much they are activated by binding a certain molecule that lets us convert that to a smell. So if we have a certain molecule. Let's say that there are two or three different odorant neurons that combine different portions of that odorant molecule, and so, which neurons are activated and how much they're activated is what we translate into smelling that molecule. And so again it's very similar to our ability to see color where we don't have a different receptor type and a different neuron type for each color or for each molecule we can smell. But instead it's the matter of which neurons are activated and how much in combination that allows us to detect so many colors, and so many different or, odors. So we've talked about the two special senses that involve chemo reception, taste where we're going to have taste receptors in the tongue that are going to be associated with our five basic taste modalities; umami, salt, sour, sweet and bitter. And again when were sensing a taste, it's going to be combinations of taste receptor activation that's going to give us certain tastes and we're going to be interpreting those in terms of preceding what we are tasting. And then in smell we're going to be activating olfactory receptors which themselves are going to be the primary afferent neurons leading in sending information into the central nervous system.
