[MUSIC] Greetings. The beginning of the nanotechnology era is attributed to Richard Feynman's acclaimed lecture. There is plenty of room at the bottom, which he gave the California Institute of Technology the American Physical Society's Christmas dinner on the eve of 1960. And he brought, this lecture was called an invitation to a new field of physics. Nanoscience is now associated with very many areas, including chemistry. What released the nanosystem of substance into a separate object of interest and numerous studies. Consider where the nano-objects with the dimension scale less than one nanometers has the dimension of atoms and numerous molecules. This size of over 100 nanometers has object related to the volume meter. Nanoparticles and similar bodies are stuck somewhere in the middle. Thus, there are no longer atom of molecules, but also not bulk matter. In the ISO technical committee, nanotechnologies mean the following. Knowledge and process control typically at the scale of 1 nanometer but not excluding scale of less than 100 nanometer. In one or more dimension where the activation or dimensional effects phenomenon leads to the possibility of new application. Using properties of objects and materials on a nanometer scale which differ from properties of free atoms or molecules. As well as from volume properties of a substance consisting of these atoms or molecules. To create improved materials, devices, systems implementing this properties. And we see that not only does size determine the assignment of an object to a nanosize material, but also the presence of so-called dimensional effect. This effect is to change any characteristic properties of substance while reducing its particle size. For example, the fragmentation of piece of gold has no effect on the melting point, but since the size of gold particles of 50 nanometers, we have seen a sharp decrease in the melting point. Let's understand the costs of the dimensional effect. If we take a piece of substance and start dividing it into pieces, we'll see an increase in the total surface for different degrees of crushing the magnitude of the entire surface of the same amount of substance. So for example, 1 gram is different. This value is called the specific surface area. It increases as the particle size of the material decreases. Of course, as the specific surface area increases, so does the proportion of atoms present on the surface of the substance, particles relative to all atoms. And whatever the shape of the particles, this effect always works. We now refer to a large number of species and types of matter as nanosize's method. We do this both on the basics of particle size or even molecules, marker molecules. On the organization of materials, for example, nanostructure's substances is opal, and much more., Such a plurality of object are born with the manifestation of dimensional or and sometimes quantum dimensional effects loss. Thus, the essence of the dimensional effect dependence of the specific characteristic or intensive parameter of the substances on the size of these particles can be accurately formulated. The characteristic or properties that can depend on the particle size are enormous. For example, even the transition temperatures of various polymorphic form of zirconium oxide into each other depends on the particle size of these oxides. The high temperature cubic structure are called is produced only at high temperature. However, the nano disperse zirconium oxides are already stable as I did in this form at run at room temperature. Dimensional effects can manifest themselves differently, but we can classify classify them into two groups. Dimensional effect of first class determined by a large fraction or surface atoms such as the change of melting point due to increased surface energy of particles that spontaneously tend to stick. They mention the effects of the second kind phase determined by a small volume of particles of matter, such as convention of a volume ferromagnetic into superparamagnetic particles. Silver nitrite, hydrazine sulfate, sodium citrate, and sodium borohydride were used to produce nanosized silver particles in an solution. After an active reduction reaction, we observed the appearance of yellow color over colloidal solution of silver particles. Let's get another beam through this solution to make sure. You can see how the beam scattered on their nanoparticles. Let's look at the experiment called. Aluminium plate is treated with concentrated solution of mercury salt. Oxide film immediately begins to react with oxygen in the air. We see how a bird of nanosized aluminum is formed.
