Terrorism has arguably been one of the defining factors of our age. It frequently makes headlines, threatening or attacking governments, private business and ordinary citizens. And in many parts of the world, it has been one of the most important threats to peace, security and stability. But what does this exactly mean? What is the nature of this threat? Who or what is threatened, how, by whom and why? What can be done about it or how can we at least limit the impact of terrorism and make sure that terrorists do not make headlines and manage to scare us? These are just a handful of questions that will be addressed in this course that consists of three parts. First it focuses on the essence of terrorism as an instrument to achieve certain goals, in addition to an exploration of this phenomenon and the difficulties in defining it. The second part provides an overview of the state of the art in (counter) terrorism studies. Since ‘9/11’ terrorism studies have grown exponentially, reflecting the rise in perceived threats. But what has academia come up with? What theories, assumptions and conventional wisdom has it produced that could be of help in understanding terrorism and dealing with it? The most interesting results are examined and compared with empirical evidence with the aim to either stress their importance or to debunk them as myths. The final part looks into the implications and possibilities for policy making. Testimonials of students who completed this course: I've been studying one particular aspect of the field for about fifteen years now, but lacked the sort of wider context that this course has provided. And I've made contacts here that I hope will develop into friendships. -Charles Cameron, 69, Blogger Religious Studies, UK This has been a wonderfully enriching experience. I have learned a lot, and have especially appreciated the worldwide perspectives of the class found in the discussion forum. Being in this class has helped me open up the subject to discussion with colleagues and friends, which has led to interesting and insightful conversations. The class materials were effective and polished. The peer reviewed assignments were challenging and fun. This was my first MOOC, but certainly not my last! -Joella Givens, 50, GIS Manager at a state government Department of Transportation, USA The theoretical aspect was similar to the one offered by well respected universities for introductory courses on terrorism. For just 5 weeks, I think this course covered a lot of ground. Furthermore, I really enjoyed the discussion forums. (...)In addition, I found excellent recommendations on books, articles, documentaries, all of great quality. -Arete Ketekidou, 32, Research/Analyst, Greece I like very much the freedom we have to study, this is the best incentive, not only because we can express our ideas on forums freely and manage our own time, also because Professor Bakker has not been imposing his ideology on this topic. We receive different information to formulate our own position. -Valeria Hernández Reyes, 28, Environmental Engineer, Mexico
5.4 Fear and Impact Management
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来自 Universiteit Leiden 的课程
恐怖主义和反恐：理论与实践的比较
1908 个评分
从本节课中
Dealing with Terrorism and the Future
After having tested these assumptions, we will make up the balance sheet. What are some of the remaining “un- and underresearched” topics in (counter)terrorism studies? We will also explore the concepts of fear management and resilience. Finally, we will look into the future of terrorism: what can we expect in the years to come?
与讲师见面
Edwin BakkerProf. dr.
Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University
Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijndrs.
Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University
[MUSIC]
Hello, in the previous video, I made a
plea for fear management as part of counter-terrorism policies.
And I also mentioned the lack of knowledge in this field.
Against this backdrop my colleague
[UNKNOWN]
and I looked into the still limited number of handbooks
and strategies that focus on how to deal with fear.
before, during and after a terrorist,
terrorist attack or other terrorism related incident.
Well, these documents are mainly from
the United States, United Kingdom, the Netherlands.
Also some interesting materials from Denmark.
And they provide us with best practices in the following three domains.
First, best practices on the organisation of fear management.
How do you organize that?
What should governments do? Then the second category relates to
communication, and the third category relates to resilience to terrorism.
Regarding the organization of fear management, the key question is, how
can governments and auto-relevant actors limit the impact of terrorism
by reducing fear, anxiety, and intimidation?
One of the most obvious and most often
mentioned conclusion is that they should cooperate and coordinate.
Very obvious conclusion,
but again, very important. They have to cooperate and coordinate.
also very important is the need to, know what the other ones are doing.
have sets of protocols.
And also mentioned, is the need to practice together.
Was specifically mentioned in several reports and studies, is the
need to establish partnerships with the public and with the media.
The government should engage with the media and
also very specific group that requires partnership is
representatives, spokespersons of ethnic, cultural or religious minorities.
The idea is that they should work
together with the government and the government with
them to deal with public unrest and tensions,
and to make sure that an increase in
fear and anxiety is prevented. Or finally fear management should include
the monitoring of reactions to government measures, government performance.
and ideally you do that at home, in your home country, but
also abroad as many of the terrorist incidents have a international dimension.
Regarding communication, the key challenge is determining the goals
and content of communication. And we believe, having studied all these
documents, that the starting point should be to listen to the public's concerns.
While other valuable best practices and recommendations include the,
to be honest to be frank and open and avoid
being unnecessarily secretive. Another set of recommendations
is that you communicate with compassion with concern and with empathy.
Well, in case of an incident, the first
hour is regarded a vital hour, the golden hour
that can set the tone for the rest
of the handling of the communication of the crisis.
In this case, a terrorist incident.
in the initial phase, it's very important to provide the public with facts.
And also with advisory measures to the public.
explain and clarify what's going on.
And why certain measures and decisions have been taken.
Confirm and deny rumours as quickly as possible.
Well, despite an incomplete picture, and in most
cases of terrorism-related instances there is an incomplete picture.
It is important to come up with a clear and concise message of what is going on.
one tone of voice is also very important. And even if there is not much to
communicate you are advised to continue communicating with the public.
No news is also news, and if you do not provide news.
And if there is a lack of communication information, you
give room to speculation by the media or by the public.
Well, the authorities are also advised to be aware of the risks of an over-reaction.
They should not play into the hands of terrorism.
and you can do that by avoiding unneccesarily unnecesarry rhetoric or
alarmist words. And it's also very important that
policy makers, officials, realize that there's also a message in the physical
measures they are taking. think of helicopters in the air.
special arrest teams on the street. it's not just a measure.
There's also a message involved in that. And you have to be aware of that.
Again, explain what's going on to the public.
And at the same time you have to monitor what's going on among the public.
Of course, through social media you can see how they react to what you are doing.
Well and the overall goal of communication should be to limit.
the impact of an incidence and the normalization of society.
So, the idea is to go back to business as soon
as possible, back to normality as possible.
But, of course, also, paying attention to
aftercare and stress and emotions among the public.
One of the most important recommendations on resilience is providing self-efficacy.
The authorities should advise the public how they can
be of help or how people can help themselves.
People do not want to be mere victims or bystanders.
They want to do something.
They see something terrible, they want to do something.
They want to be of help.
For instance,
by giving first aid or providing images to the police using their mobile phones.
Or to join a demonstration in the days after an attack saying no to terrorism.
And we've seen a number of examples of that in recent years.
this could contribute to an increase of resilience and
can further help to reduce the chance of excessive fear.
Overreactions and tensions between different parts of society.
And providing the general public with advising measures
also holds for later stages of the crisis.
And that brings to me to a second set of recommendations and
lessons learned. this relates to care for the public.
And authorities are advised not to only focus on the direct victims.
the, the, the dead and wounded, but also on those who survived
and who are possibly traumatized because of what they've seen and experienced.
And the idea is that monitoring these indirect victims and
taking care of these indirect victims is important.
Also with an eye to prevent all kinds of second-order effects such as
polarization, tension between groups, and the spread of fear and anxiety.
And connected to this is, and mentioned earlier, that is that this can be
limited by including representatives of various minorities, and, and other groups.
To make agreements on their possible role,
to deal with public unrest and possible tensions.
These lessons learned and recommendations can be of great value
to limit the possibility that terrorists get what they want.
Seriously intimidating a population, and destabilizing a country.
And there's, these are some of the main goal
of terrorists, I believe it's very important to incorporate.
fear management, impact management into general counterterrorism policies.
Of course, next to the very important efforts to limit
the chance of a terrorist attack as, as much as possible.
Well, fortunately, in recent year, increasing attention
has been paid to the organization and
com, and, and practice of communication, crisis communication
as well as the increase of resilience to terrorism.
And hopefully a growing number of authorities will realize that if it
will, if we can make it more difficult for terrorists to have an impact on society.
This instrument, this terrorism can become, in
the long run, a less rewarding and
less effective instrument than it is today.
So, what have we learned?
In this video, we looked at lessons learned derived
from handbooks and strategies on fear management related to terrorism.
And, we looked at the organizational fear management, communication, and
resilience. And in the next video,
we will explore the future
of terrorism, terrorism policies,
and terrorism research.
