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4.6 Pollution Management in the Rhine River Basin

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Water Resources Management and Policy

日内瓦大学

4.5（394 个评分） | 16K 名学生已注册

Water management today is faced with new challenges such as climate change or the effects of human activity. Public and private stakeholders who are active in this field must develop new ways to better manage the water cycle "as a whole". The objective of this MOOC is to develop an understanding of the problems related to water management. Firstly, this course will define a resource and, more specifically, the resource of water. It will look at how water is used and the activities associated with it as well as any potential conflicts. The course will look at water management in detail through the analysis of the different types of rights and obligations associated with, for example, the development of a multi-sectorial regulation system or a watershed management approach. By the end of this course, our aim is to enable you to: 1) Identify the main issues and strategies linked to water resource management 2) Acquire the key reading material needed to understand the many variables (environmental, institutional and political) which affect water and which, in terms of management, may require adjustment. This course was developed by the Geneva Water Hub. Alongside researchers from the University of Geneva from a range of faculties, researchers from other universities and research centres will be involved in this course. Practitioners who deal daily with the political dimension of water management will also input into the course. This MOOC is designed for all those interested in the water sector. Prior training is not necessary to follow our program. The findings presented in this course can be easily reapplied to different contexts and to different scales of analysis. This MOOC is supported by the Geneva Water Hub and the University of Geneva along with the MOOC in « Ecosystem Services: a Method for Sustainable Development » (www.coursera.org/learn/ecosystem-services) and the one in "International Water Law" (www.coursera.org/learn/droit-eau). This course is funded by the Global Programme Water Initiatives of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). This course is also available in French : www.coursera.org/learn/gestion-eau

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您将学习的技能

Policy Analysis, International Law, International Relations, Law

审阅

4.5（394 个评分）

5 stars
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KS

Oct 17, 2018

I learnt a lot especially when its to saving and managing water for the society...With increase in global warming water resource management should be taken seriously because water is life

SK

Feb 15, 2016

I am really thankful to Dr. Christian Brethaut and Professor Geraldine Pflieger. Thank you very much for this wonderful course. Looking forward to meet you in another course.

从本节课中

Module 4: The Integrated Watershed Management (IWM)

In this module, we further examine water management but this time we look specifically at how watersheds are managed. We see how stakeholders in Switzerland, in Europe (with the case of the Rhine) and internationally have promoted this concept as a reference for water management. These case studies allow us to identify the benefits and limitations (both practical and institutional) that are presented by the Integrated Watershed Management approach. The module is concluded by a quiz worth 20% of the final grade. You must have at least 80% of the responses correct to pass the module.

4.6 Pollution Management in the Rhine River Basin9:37

教学方

Christian Bréthaut
Assistant Professor
Géraldine Pflieger
Professeure associée

脚本

[MUSIC] [MUSIC]

Hello Florence.

I am delighted to welcome you to this session covering management and

pollution in the Rhine basin. To start can you please introduce yourself.

>> Thank you for the invitation.

My name is Florence Metz. I am a PhD candidate in Political Science

at the University of Bern, and I work within Professor

Karin Ingold’s team on issues of, and on the policy of

water protection and governance issues in relation to political networks.

>> So the Rhine is often cited as an example of integrated water management,

of integrated watershed management, however, the issue of micropollutants

came to light more recently. Can you tell me

what are the driving forces behind the consideration of this problem in particular?

>> So awareness of micropolluants comes from an observation

which seemed contradictory at first.

On the one hand we saw that water is becoming increasingly clean

following the construction of wastewater treatment plants, for example.

But on the other hand, we also found that

in some places there were less fish.

Then the researchers analysed the water and found very small concentrations

of substances in the surface water, called micropolluants.

These substances come from pesticides used in agriculture,

they come from industry but also,

and this is a new observation, they come from

cosmetics, household products and pharmaceuticals such as

the contraceptive pill or the blood thinners taken by the elderly.

And the researchers found that despite the low concentrations, these

chemicals influence the hormonal system of fish

meaning they are unable to reproduce. That is one of the reasons why,

in certain places, there are fewer fish.

The risks for man are even less known but

for water policy the question of how to react is presented.

Do we adopt policy measures because

one can not exclude the risk to humans or

do we wait to have certainties that there is a risk before we react?

And here it is interesting to see that Switzerland responded to this question

and took action as one of the first countries to do so.

And the action was to equip sewage treatment plants with a new

technology that is capable of filtering certain micropollutants from wastewater.

And now it is interesting to see if Switzerland will be able to share

its policy with other countries in the Rhine basin

or even at European level?

And there, really, the Rhine plays a key role. On one hand, Switzerland is

not part, is not a member of the EU, but on the other hand,

Switzerland is allied with Germany, France, the Netherlands and Luxembourg,

within the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR).

And it can share its ideas within the commission.

And now it would be interesting to see if Switzerland will be able to

disseminate its policy on micropollutants, at a European level,

through the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine.

>> The Swiss example, the case study, demonstrates the application

of this precautionary principle. >> But how is this issue

integrated in the discussions between riparian states?

>> With my colleague, Manuel Fischer of

EAWAG, we researched the networks within which

the issue of micropollutants is discussed by Rhine riparian states.

And do we make a distinction between formal and informal networks?

In the first graphic you see,

you see formal networks where riparian states,

and actors of the riparian states, are found on a regular basis,

in some institutions, to discuss micropolluants.

And there, interestingly, is that the ICPR, the International Commission

for the Protection of the Rhine is the most central institution.

In grey, you see the institutions, and the ICPR is the most central institution

where riparian states are found regularly.

And research projects link

actors from different countries of the Rhine, internationally on the issue.

And what is interesting to see is that the Swiss actors,

shown in black, are as well integrated into the

international governance network as actors from other countries.

The second graph shows informal networks where

actors exchanged directly, not through the institutions, but directly

on the issue of micropollutants.

And this is interesting. In the entire network of EAWAG, the Swiss Federal

Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology is the most central actor,

most consulted on questions of micropollutants. Also from Switzerland, the

FOEN, the Federal Office for the Environment is a central actor.

This shows that at the international level of the Rhine basin,

Swiss players are known for their scientific knowledge,

and also their policies in this area.

>> Okay, so now,

more concretely, if we look at actions taken,

what scales are used when these actions are implemented?

And the other question that comes ahead of this first question.

Is it a problem, ultimately,

that can only be treated on the watershed scale?

So for now, the measures are taken on a national scale.

At a European level, of the European Union,

members of the European Union have agreed certain environmental quality

standards in the Water Framework Directive and its offshoot directives.

These environmental quality standards set objectives and limit the

concentration levels that can not be exceeded for defined substances.

And if a member state exceeds this limit, it is the

member state that has to take policy measures to reduce micropollluants.

That is why I say, at the moment,

measures are taken at the national level.

But the optimal scale depends on the aspect of the problem.

And to see this in more depth with Professor Karin Ingold,

we worked on the characteristics of micropollutants as

a policy issue. It can be seen that the

micropollutants present a very complex policy problem.

There are certain substances that pose a problem, a big problem, which are

hazardous, toxic, bioaccumulants, and persistent in surface water.

And for these substances, it is appropriate to take measures at the national level,

or even internationally.

But other substances pose more local problems.

For example, when very specific industrial productions

use substances which are not used elsewhere, it is

possible that the micropollutants remain geographically local,

and in this case, local measures or regional may be appropriate.

Other substances are only used in certain seasons,

for example in agriculture.

And then you see that the problem of micropollutants is complex

from a policy perspective.

There is not a single optimal scale against which we can implement measures.

But to ensure that the various measures undertaken by

different riparian states on different scales are not contradictory,

watershed management can be particularly suitable.

Because watershed management promotes

Integrated Water Resources Management and can ensure the

protection of water resources in a particularly efficient manner.

If you want to address the question more thoroughly,

I invite you to read the article that you can download at the following link.

>> Very good, thank you Florence for that contribution

and the presentation of this case study, this well known case study of the

Rhine. Thank you.

[MUSIC] [MUSIC]

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