Video 3-3 Current tariff structures in low and middle-income countries

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来自 University of Manchester 的课程

Water Supply and Sanitation Policy in Developing Countries Part 2: Developing Effective Interventions

14 个评分

University of Manchester

Water Supply and Sanitation Policy in Developing Countries Part 2: Developing Effective Interventions

14 个评分

Water Supply and Sanitation Policy in Developing Countries Part 2 is our second MOOC in a two-part sequence, and looks at ‘Developing Effective Interventions’. Here we invite you to develop analytical skills and deep understanding about a complex, controversial policy problem – one with no simple, easy answers. About half a billion people on our planet still lack access to improved water supplies and about two billion do not have improved sanitation services, leading to an unknown but very large number of avoidable deaths each year from water-related diseases. Millions of dollars are spent on avoidable health care expenditures, and people – mostly women – spend many billions of hours carrying water from sources outside the home. Reducing these costs is a major global challenge for us all in the 21st century. Join us to explore the challenging and complex political, economic, social, and technical dimensions of the policy interventions that donors, national governments and water utilities use to address this challenge. This second MOOC consists of the following seven sessions: • Session 1: Introduction and how our ‘ancient instincts’ affect water policy interventions. • Session 2: Planning better policy interventions: Roles, features and examples of planning protocols. • Session 3: Water pricing, tariff design and subsidies. • Session 4: Providing information to households and communities to improve water and sanitation conditions. • Session 5: Changing the institutions that deliver water and sanitation services: Privatization in developing countries. • Session 6: Changing institutions: Lessons from the UK water privatization story. • Session 7: Changing institutions: Improving regulation of the water and sanitation sector. Your instructors for this course have worked in and studied this sector for many years. Professor Dale Whittington has worked on water and sanitation policy and planning issues for over 40 years in more than two dozen low and middle-income countries. Dr Duncan Thomas has worked in the UK and European water sectors for 15 years, focusing on overcoming barriers to technological, organizational, regulatory and policy innovations. Please watch this introductory video outlining the course: https://youtu.be/KkBmo3EKkkI

从本节课中

Roles, features and problems of water pricing, tariff design and subsidies

Video 3-0 Introducing municipal water pricing and tariff design9:42

Video 3-1 What are the objectives of tariff design?17:37

Video 3-2 Possible types of tariff structures18:31

Video 3-3 Current tariff structures in low and middle-income countries7:40

Video 3-4 Problems with increasing block tariffs (IBTs)14:27

Video 3-5 Designing and targeting subsidies in the water and sanitation sector in LDCs11:10

Video 3-6 Distribution of subsidies in Chile and Colombia6:01

Video 3-7 Evidence on subsidy schemes in Chile and Colombia8:09

Video 3-8 Designing improved water subsidy schemes10:06

与讲师见面

Dr Duncan Thomas
Lecturer
Alliance Manchester Business School
Prof Dale Whittington
Professor
Manchester Business School

This is the fourth video on water pricing and tariff design.

In this video, I will describe the tariff structures that are currently used in low

and middle income countries.

The data come from a 2013 report published by Global Water Intelligence.

The Global Water Intelligence database includes information

on 162 utilities in low and middle income countries.

As shown in this table, increasing block tariffs are the most widely used tariff

structure in developing countries.

75% of the utilities in the Global Water Intelligence database use IBTs

to calculate the volumetric component of a household's water bill.

The next most popular tariff structure is uniform volumetric pricing,

which is used by 22% of the utilities.

Note that these data report the predominant tariff structure that

a utility uses.

It is possible that a water utility uses more than one type of tariff structure.

This occurs if there's a mix of metered and

unmetered connections in a utility service area.

The Global Water Intelligence data refer to the tariff structure for

the metered connections unless there are very few metered connections.

If the vast majority of connections are unmetered then

the Global Water Intelligence database reports the tariff structures as

fixed monthly charge because volumetric pricing is impossible.

An increasing block tariff structure has four main characteristics or

design features.

These can all vary from one utility to another.

The first is the number of blocks.

An IBT must have at least two blocks, but it may have many more than two.

The second feature is the prices charged in each block in the IBT structure.

The third feature is the size of each block in the IBT structure.

Here, the size of the first, or lifeline block,

is often of special policy interest.

The fourth feature is whether or not there's a fixed charge.

And if there is, the size of the fixed charge.

All four features can vary independently, so

there are countless of ways that an IBT can be designed in practice.

Next I will summarize some of the main variations in IBTs

in the Global Water Intelligence database.

This table shows the number of blocks in 114 of

the 121 IBT tariffs in the Global Water Intelligence database.

The most common number of blocks is 3, but there is wide variation.

32 utilities have a 3 block IBT, 23 utilities have a 4 block IBT,

and 21 utilities have an 8 block IBT.

It is of course possible that it makes sense for some utilities to have a few

blocks, and for other utilities to have more blocks, but this is unlikely.

From my perspective,

this wide variation in the number of blocks is a good indications of confusion

in the design of municipal water tariffs in low and middle income countries.

This slide focuses just on the 32 utilities with 3-block IBTs and

looks at the volumetric prices in the 3 blocks.

Let's look at the median prices charged.

The median price in the first block is $0.34 per cubic meter.

By design, this will be far below the average cost of services,

providing a subsidy to all households for the water purchased in this first block.

But note that the prices in the second and third blocks do not increase very much.

Even in the third, the highest price block,

the median price is $0.75 per cubic meter.

This is still below the average cost of service in many utilities,

which means that the utilities will require continual subsidies.

The size of the first, or lifeline block, of an IBT is usually the amount of

water that the utility wants to ensure reaches poor households.

The median size of the lifeline block is 10 cubic meters in Latin America,

East Asia, and South Asia.

The lifeline block is 8 cubic meters in North Africa and the Middle East, and

6 cubic meters in Sub-Saharan Africa.

In all five regions, the mean size of the lifeline block is higher

than the median because a few utilities have very large lifeline blocks.

What is striking about this data is that the lifeline block is so

large everywhere except Sub-Sahara Africa.

10 cubic meters of water per month for

a household with 3 members is over 100 liters per capita per day.

Close to the per capita water use in many European cities.

Of course, many households has more than three members.

But how do align lifeline block large enough so that large households maintain

most of their water in the lifeline block will mean that the utility will supply

a great deal of water at the lowest price in the IBT structure.

In a two part tariff,

a fixed charge is added to the volumetric component of a customer's water bill.

This table shows the number of utilities where the IBTs and

uniform price volumetric charges that also have positive fixed charges.

Most utilities with IBTs also have a positive fixed charge.

The mean fixed charges is likely more than US$4 but the median is closer to US$2.

However, most utilities with uniform volumetric prices do not have a positive

fixed charge.

It is unclear why utilities with IBTs choose to

use a positive fixed charge in utilities with uniform volumetric prices do not.

I suspect that one reason is because they sell so

much water at the lifeline rate and needed another way to increase their revenues.

This table shows the size of the monthly positive fixed charge by region for

IBT and uniform volumetric tariff structures combined.

What is striking here is the big difference between East Asia and

Latin America on the one hand, and Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and

the Middle East and North Africa on the other.

The median fixed charge in East Asia and Latin America is US$5, compared to

US$1 in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and the Middle East and North Africa.

Note that the size of the lifeline blocks in South Asia was large, and

the fixed charges were small.

It's easy to see why revenues of so

many utilities in South Asia are far below cost recovery.

This final slides shows the mean and median price charged by the 29 utilities

in the Global Water Intelligence Database that use uniform volumetric prices.

The mean price is US$0.39 per cubic meter, the median price charge is US$0.29

per cubic meter, these prices are far below cost recovery levels.

To conclude, these data from the Global Water Intelligence database show

the popularity of the IBT structure in low and middle income countries.

But the data also showed there's wide variation in how utilities design IBTs.

Interestingly, most utilities with IBTs add a positive fixed charge to

households water bills.

This raises the average price paid by low volume users, which is of course

the opposite of what one would want if one accepted the unrelying rational by IBTs,

that poor households use less water than rich households.

Finally, the data suggest that most utilities that use IBTs and

uniform volumetric prices are probably selling

water below the average cost of providing services.

So we expect subsidies to households to be widespread.

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