学习必需的技术技能，从而掌握分析财务报表和披露财务信息用于财务分析的能力，并了解会计标准和高管层激励对财务报告流程的影响。学完本课程后，您将学会阅读三种最常见的财务报表：利润表、资产负债表和现金收支一览表。然后，您可以运用所学技能处理现实商务挑战，这也是沃顿商学院商务基础专项课程的组成部分。
4.2: Plainview Technology 案例，第 1 部分
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来自 University of Pennsylvania 的课程
财务会计概论（中文版）
59 个评分
从本节课中
第 4 周: 比率分析
我们本周要进行期末考试。 因为考试原因，我将在本周介绍比率分析，其中不会涉及任何“新”材料。 课上将定义和讨论一系列的财务比率指标，基本上就是一个财务指标除以另一个得到的。 但是要深入理解资产负债表和利润表就需要分析这些财务比率。 同时，我们将通过一些财务比率分析视频复习之前学习的材料，帮助各位准备考试。 不过考试中没有关于财务比率分析的题目。 等考试完，您就可以用您丰富的财务会计知识去向您的家人、朋友和同事炫耀啦！
与讲师见面
Brian J BusheeThe Geoffrey T. Boisi Professor
Accounting
Hello, I'm Professor Brian Bouche, welcome back.
This video kicks off a three video sequence, where we're going to use ratio
analysis to study the case of a growth company, and see what we can learn about
the sources of competitive advantages and disadvantages, I can't wait.
Let's get started.
Let's start with some background on Plainview technology.
So, Plainview manufactures iris scanning equipment for biometric identification.
In 2009, Plainview lost its largest customer,
a defense contractor, which accounted for half of its business.
The customer transferred its business to a foreign competitor,
which had lower labor costs.
Plainview Management responded by increasing automation.
They also built new plants in California and South Carolina,
to be closer to their customers.
Plainview expanded into new industries.
Healthcare, financial institutions, nuclear power.
They switched from high-volume,
standard products to smaller-batch customized products.
In 2010, Plainview adopted new 6G technology,
which provides better manufacturing results at a lower manufacturing cost.
The company has experienced explosive growth after surviving its crisis, and
has now picked up a greater following by analysts and investors.
A new analyst has just a few hours to prepare before participating on
a conference call with Plainview Technology Management.
The only information they have are the financial statements and ratios.
Based on the ratios, what seems to be the secret of the company's turnaround?
And what questions would you ask management during the call?
Before we take a look at the ratios,
I always think it's a good idea to start with the financial statements.
Take a look at the balance sheet, the income statement and cashflow statement,
to see if there's any trends that jump out at us, or seem unusual.
Then we can keep those in the back of our mind, as we go through the ratios.
So, here is the asset side of the balance sheet for Plainview.
I am going to put up the pause sign, and recommend that you pause the video.
Take a minute or so to look over the balance sheet, and
see if there is anything that jumps out at you, and then resume the video,
and we'll talk about what you are seeing.
>> It certainly appears that PP&E has grown substantially.
>> There also is a huge jump in inventory and accounts receivable after 2009.
>> Yes, but the whole company has gotten bigger.
Look at total assets.
Do you have a point that you are trying to make?
>> Yes, Dave, I do have a point.
My point is that the balance sheet is to try to look at what's going
on in the company.
Eric noted that there were big increases in cash and inventory.
Elizabeth noted that there were big increases in PP&E.
We probably want to understand those.
But you're right that if the company is growing so
much as a whole, it's hard to interpret the balance sheet.
And so later on, we'll look at techniques that will take out the effects of this
growth, and let us know whether line items on the balance sheet are growing faster,
or slower than other line items.
Here is the liabilities and stockholders equity side of the balance sheet.
So please again, pause the video, take a look, and see what you find.
>> Well, I would say that long term debt and paid in capital have grown
tremendously >> Hey, I wanted to go first this time.
Accounts payable has grown similar to inventory and accounts receivable, but
current liabilities are actually down in 2011.
>> But they are going to top it and
tell us again that the whole company is growing.
And we can't learn anything until we remove the effects of growth and yadda,
yadda, yadda.
>> Yes, that's what I was going to say.
That it's hard to draw too many conclusions from this
part of the balance sheet, without taking a few facts of growth.
But there are a few things that sort of leap out of through this.
So, for instance, current liabilities that down,
even that the company growth potentially.
So, there are some things that you can occasionally learn at looking at
the balance sheet as a starting point.
>> Next, we're going to look into the income statement.
Here are the last three years of income for plain view.
Please pause the video, and see what translate better you.
>> Well, it looks like- >> It looks like sales.
Gross profit, operating income, and net income are all growing stupendously.
>> And yes, we will have to remove the effects of growth to understand this
better, which we'll do later in the video.
Next, we have the statement of Cash Flows.
We're going to start with the operating section that shows you
Cash Flows from Operating Activities.
Please pause the video and take a look.
>> Ladies first, even though net income has been growing steadily.
Cash from operations is, for lack of a better term, quite squirrely.
>> Squirrely, is that some strange jargon for volatile?
Look at those big negatives for inventory and accounts receivable.
>> Yes, those negatives match the growth we saw on the balance sheet.
Now I think we are getting somewhere.
>> We are getting somewhere.
We see a lot of volatility in cash flows, and
it looks like a lot of it is driven by accounts receivable and inventory,
which we saw big movements on on the balance sheet.
We are getting somewhere.
Here are the investing and financing sections of the statement of cash flows,
along with the supplemental disclosures of cash, interest paid, and cash taxes paid.
So again, pause the video, and take a look.
>> Although [INAUDIBLE] capital expenditures, proceeds from borrowing, and
common stock issued near the growth in PP&D, debt and
in equity on the balance sheet.
>> Yes, this part of the statement shows us the company's growing substantially
through capital expenditures.
We don't see any acquisitions listed here, so it's all internal cap ex,
which makes sense, because from the case we know that they built two new factories.
And in financing this growth, and with both debt and equity, so
we see a lot of cash flow from debt issuances, and
we see some cash flow from a couple of equity issuances.
So, they're financing themselves with both debt and equity.
Now that we've taken a look at all the finance statements,
I want to talk about something called Common Size Financial Statements.
As we talked about,
it's hard to spot trends in the financial statements when there's tremendous growth.
Basically, the growth in assets and
growth in sales drive trends in all the line items.
What we really want to know is, are certain line items growing, more or
less, than would be expected given the growth in assets or sales?
So, we're going to come up with a common size balance sheet,
where we'll express all numbers as a percent of total assets,
which will remove the effect of the growth of assets.
We'll come up with a common size income statement where we'll express
all numbers as a percent of sales, thereby taking out the growth and sales.
The cash flow statement is typically not common sized.
It's a not as susceptible to growth,
and it's not clear what we would divide by to common size it.
So, it's only the balance sheet and income statement that are typically common sized.
Here's the common sized balance sheet for Plainview, specifically the asset side.
So, why don't you pause and take a look?
>> Even though PP&E was growing so much, this makes it look like it is shrinking.
It is really inventory that is growing.
>> Yes Elizabeth, nice catch.
It is inventory whose growth is out of whack,
compared to the rest of the company.
And we saw earlier that inventory had negative effects on cashflow.
So, we're going to want to pay close attention to what's
going on with inventory, as we go through the rest of these videos.
Here is the liability and
stockholders' equity side of the common size balance sheet.
So again, pause, take a look and see what you see.
These numbers look much more, as Elizabeth would say, squirrely.
The biggest trend is the increase in liabilities relative to equity.
>> Yes, Eric, the big conclusion we would draw here is that the numbers seem to be
squirrely on the liability, and stock holder's equity side.
There doesn't seem to be a lot of clear trends,
the numbers are bouncing up and down.
The only trend that really emerges is total equity
has gone down as a percent of liabilities and stockholders' equity over time.
Which means the company's relying more on debt financing and other liabilities, and
less on equity financing.
And here's the Common Size Income Statement,
where everything's been divided by sales.
Please pause, and take a look.
>> Gross profit percentage has gotten bigger.
But isn't this a video on ratios?
When are we going to start looking at ratios?
>> Well Dave, these technically are ratios.
We're dividing numbers by sales, and
any time you divide one number by another number, it's a ratio.
But he picked up the key thing here,
which is that there is a clear increasing trend in the gross profit margin ratio.
And that increase in gross margin has driven the increase in
operating income ratio and the net income ratio.
We're going to look at this more as we go through the videos.
Finally, we have the DuPont Analysis.
Here is the return on equity for Plainview, and then it's broken down into
all of its components with the definitions at the bottom of the slide.
Why don't you pause the video for a minute or two, take a look at this slide,
and see what kind of conclusions you draw.
I'm going to go ahead and pop in here and analyze this one.
For returned equity,
we see a large and increasing trend in ROE over the three year period.
It started at 11%, which meant that for
every dollar of equity, the company generated 11 cents of net income.
And now it's 16%.
So, for every dollar of equity the company generates 16 cents of net income.
So, each dollar of equity is generating an extra nickel of net income,
which is a pretty big increase over a three-year period.
Now let's look at the two drivers of ROE, return on assets and financial leverage,
to see if Plainview's increase in ROE is due to better operating performance or
to taking on more debt.
So, for Return on Assets, we see that it increased from 7%, almost 10%.
Which means that every dollar in assets is now generating by $0.10
of that income for point of view, compared to only $0.07 a couple years ago.
So clearly, there's been an improvement in operating performance.
If we look at financial leverage,
It's been fairly flat over this period around 2.3.
So, for every dollar of equity, Plainview has $2.30 of assets,
which means they're taking on about $1.30 of debt, and that really hasn't changed.
So, it seems like the increase in ROE is primarily driven by the improvement in
return on assets.
Now let's look at the two drivers of return on assets, return on sales, and
asset turnover.
We see another increasing trend in return on sales,
which means that Plainview sales have become more profitable over this period.
ROS has gone from 5% to almost 7%.
So, each dollar of sales now generates almost $0.07 of net income,
instead of five cents.
What's two cents?
Well, if you multiply times 100 millions in sales, it adds up pretty quickly.
Now, if we look at asset turnover, it briefly went up, but
then it came back down to around 1.45, which means that for
every dollar of assets, Plainview generates about $1.45 in sales.
But there's no clear upward trend in asset turnover.
So, it looks like the sole secret to Plainview success with their ROE
is that their sales have become more profitable over this period.
>> You said that video that ROE equals ROA times financial language.
In 2011, 9.68 times 2.28 is 22.1 not 16.4.
Just another in a long line of your mistakes.
>> This one actually isn't a mistake, it's a simplification.
So if you remember from the last video, the Return on Equity is Net Income, but
the Return on Assets is Delivered Net Income,
which is net income plus after task interest expense.
Because the returns are different, it won't multiply together.
To get it to multiply together cleanly, you'd have to add a third factor or
a correction factor, which would be net income divided by after tax net income.
If you multiply that third factor times ROA and
financial leverage, then you will get ROE.
Didn't plenty of you adopt technology?
Maybe every company in the industry have better
profitability as a result of the new technology.
>> Excellent point, Elizabeth.
What we talked about in an earlier video is that we need to do cross-sectional
comparisons.
So, what I'll do next is compare Plainview to three of their closest competitors.
If you look at the industry, it looks like Plainview is
having much more success than their other three competitors.
They're the only company that had an increase in ROE over this time period.
Their ROA was also up, whereas two of their competitors were down, and
one was up and then down.
They're the only company that had an increase in return on sales,
the other three companies were either down or flat.
And there doesn't seem to be much difference, in terms of asset turnover.
So to wrap up, what we learned from the DuPont analysis is that
the big increases in ROE for Plainview were unique for the industry.
Plainview was clearly doing something that the rest of the industry was not
able to do.
Plainview's improved ROA was the source of it's increase in ROE.
It didn't take on more debt.
It didn't lever up, because financial leverage was largely unchanged.
Instead, the ultimate source of the ROE increase was improvement in profit margin,
or return on sales.
In contrast to the competitors,
Plainview's return on sales grew dramatically over this period, whereas,
its asset turnover was flat, much like the competitors.
So, the secret to Plainview's success is that their sales became much more
profitable between 2009 and 2011.
>> Okay, but how were they able to make their sales more profitable?
Can ratio analysis tell us that?
>> Well, I do have a few more ratios up my sleeve, and
we can take a look at those in the next video.
Yes, let's wrap up here.
And I'll see you next video, when we continue the ratio analysis for
Plainview Technology.
See you then.
>> See you next video.
