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里德对休谟的反驳

我们对周围世界的理解大多基于他人的观点。难道这意味着我们相信他人的证词是有依据的吗？在本模块中，我们将探讨两位伟大的苏格兰启蒙哲学家对这个问题的解答，他们分别是大卫·休谟 (1711 - 1776) 和托马斯·里德 (1710 - 1796)。休谟和里德在证词方面存在的争议代表了两种世界观之间的冲突，而这种冲突将会延续数百年：一种是怀疑且通常是世俗的世界观，总是对一切持怀疑态度（以休谟为代表），一种是保守且通常是宗教的世界观，以捍卫常识为己任（以里德为代表）。

本课程将为你介绍现代哲学中的一些研究领域。在每个模块中，将由不同的哲学家为你讲述其专业领域内最重要的疑问和问题。首先，我们来了解什么是哲学，哲学有哪些独特的目标与方法以及哲学与其他学科有何不同？之后，我们会在课程剩余的时间内向你简要介绍各种哲学领域的总体情况。你要学习的主题包括：知识论，其中将讨论囊括我们对世界和我们自身的了解以及如何获取这些知识；科学哲学，我们将在此模块中调查科学研究和实践中的基础概念问题；心灵哲学，我们将在此模块中询问物质拥有心灵的意义以及应如何理解和诠释心灵；道德哲学，我们将在此模块中探究道德判断和反应的本质，看它们是旨在得出客观的道德真相，还是仅作为个人或文化偏好，以及，形而上学，我们将在此模块中思考有关事实本质的一些基础概念问题。本慕课 (MOOC) 课程由爱丁堡大学 Eidyn 研究中心领导设计。为配合“哲学导论”的授课，我们为大家倾力推荐一本由 Routledge 出版社出版的名为 "Philosophy for Everyone" 的配套书籍。这本“哲学导论”的课程配套书籍是由爱丁堡大学哲学小组为满足慕课 (MOOC) 学生要求而编写的。"Philosophy for Everyone"一书中包含清晰易懂的章节、章节摘要、词汇表、探究问题、补充阅读推荐以及在线资源指南。 This is a translated version. To join the original English version, Please visit this page https://www.coursera.org/learn/philosophy

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教学方

Dr. Dave Ward
Lecturer in Philosophy
Professor Duncan Pritchard
Professor of Philosophy
Professor Michela Massimi
Full Professor
Dr. Suilin Lavelle
Lecturer in Philosophy
Dr. Matthew Chrisman
Reader in Philosophy
Dr. Allan Hazlett
Dr. Alasdair Richmond
Dr.

脚本

Okay, so in the last segment, we talked about David Hume's argument that you

should never believe that a miracle's occurred on the base of testimony.

Lots of ways you could challenge Hume's argument, one way you could challenge,

you could challenge his definition of a miracle,

you could say he's got that wrong.

But I think there's a really, another interesting way to challenge the argument.

Challenge the assumption, you should only trust testimony when you've got evidence

the testifier is likely to be right.

And that's the premise of Hume's argument that his most

important contemporary critic, Thomas Reid Took issue with.

So Reid was a minister in the Church of Scotland and

a professor at the Universities of Aberdeen and Glasgow.

He challenged this assumption of Hume's in a book called Inquiry into the Human Mind

on the Principles of Common Sense, which was first published in 1764.

And the challenge comes in a section that I'll read entitled

of the analogy between perception and the credit we give human testimony.

So Reed argued that trusting testimony is just like trusting your senses.

Trusting what you see around you.

To believe in something on the basis of what someone else says

is just like believing on the basis of seeing it with your own eyes Reed thought.

Here's the interesting thing, we don't only trust

our senses when we've got evidence that they're likely to be right.

Hume and Reid, one of the few things that they agreed on was that

we don't have any kind of good evidence that our senses are likely to be right.

So Hume and Reid both thought we don't trust our senses on the basis of

evidence that they're likely to be right.

So what Reed is going to challenge is Hume's assumption we should only

trust testimony on the basis of evidence that the testifier is likely to be right.

So why does he think that?

What's his argument?

Well Hume and Reed both thought there were innate principles that governed

how we think and how we feel.

They wouldn't put it this way but

they both thought we were hard wired to think in certain ways.

So they both thought, for example, that we're hardwired to trust our senses,

we're hardwired to believe what we see before our eyes.

But here's what Reid thought that Hume didn't think.

Reid thought that we're also hardwired to trust testimony.

He said there's an innate principle of credulity he called it.

And here's what that principle was, the disposition to confide in the veracity of

others, and to believe what they tell us.

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