Hello, everyone! We've already mentioned the relation between Taoism and traditional Chinese medicine. Now, we will talk about Buddhism and traditional Chinese medicine in four parts, including the Buddhism's introduction into China, its unique thoughts, its influence in the field of medicine and its role played in spreading medicine. Today, we mainly focus on Buddhism's introduction into China. Buddhism first appeared in 623 B.C. while we were in the Spring and Autumn period. Sakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism, was born in the ancient India where now is Nepal. It is said that he was a prince who didn't want to succeed to the crown. When he was 35 years old, he established Buddhism. For what reason, you may ask. He established it to guide human beings to know the truth of the universe, life, joy and sorrow as well as the way to get rid of sorrow in order to be happy. Also, it brings peace, happiness and wisdom to human beings which is its original truth that differs from what we've learned about Buddhism when we are young. We should pay attention to it in order not to misunderstand the concept. Then, how is it introduced into China? It is an interesting story. It is said that, in 67 A.D., Emperor Ming dreamt of a golden man flying over the palace. He asked ministers about it the next morning. Fu Yi, the court historian at that time, said that the golden man might be the great sage from the western regions whose name was Buddha. Then, Emperor Ming sent Cai Yin, the corps commander, and someone else, 18 people in total, to the western regions to pursue the Buddha-way. There, Cai Yin and his fellows came across Dharmaratna and Kasyapamatanga who gave them Buddha statue and Buddhist texts. They brought things back to Luo Yang by horse. When they returned, Emperor Ming ordered to build a sublime abode for Dharmaratna and Kasyapamatanga which is now White Horse Temple. In the temple. Dharmaratna and Kasyapamatanga translated "Sutra of Forty-two Chapters". This story shows the first time when Buddhism was formally introduced into China. In fact, there were other books discussing about the introducing process before this time but although the ways were different, Buddhism was introduced by monks in all stories. During the period of Qin Shi Huang, 18 people came to China. It is also said that, during the period of Asoka, Maharakkhita was sent to a place called Yu Na World. Where was it? It was in the Han region. Then, Mo Shimo was sent to a place far away. When Taranatha became Asoka, Shan Jian, an eminent monk, went to spread Buddhism in a place called Dazhina. At that time, Buddhism was introduced into Tibet. As a matter of fact, the ways of its spreading can be categorized into three. The first one is land route, including both the south and north way. Another one is waterway which we will discuss later. The south way starts from Dunhuang, then across Shanshan into the south part of Taklimakan desert and the north part of Kunlun mountains, finally reaches Hetian and Dashache. The north way starts from Dunhuang, going northward to Hami, across Kuche and finally reaches Kashi. The waterway is from Sri Lanka, Java, Malaysia, Vietnam to Guangzhou. The monks from India to China mainly used land route rather than waterway. Next, let's see what happened to Buddhism when it was spread into China. The time was during Han Dynasty, the budding era when Buddhism formally came into China. When did Buddhism start to develop in China? It was during the Period of Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. At that time, there were many temples, over 30 thousand in total. We all know the poem saying that there were nearly 480 temples near Nanjing. They were built during the Sui, Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. During the Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, Buddhism developed well with the support from royal family. Later on, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qin Dynasties were period of rapid development. Things changed in modern times. After Buddhism spread into China in the Han Dynasty, it developed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and reached its height in the Tang Dynasty. It is the same as what we've mentioned before. Now, let's move on to historical background during the Northern and Southern Dynasties-- social instability. At that time, Buddhism was easier to be accepted because it was about the shortness of life and its impermanence. Meanwhile, metaphysics was popular because of its relation with Taoism. Metaphysics and Buddhism have something in common they both discuss something immaterial. In addition, the ruling class at that time used Buddhism to govern the people. Zhu Zixing was the first in our country to be initiated into monkhood. Then, he went to the western place to learn Buddhism and brought back a Buddha text. His pioneering behavior guided many monks to go India such as Xuan Zang (Tang Monk), Fa Xian, Bao Yun, etc. They laid a foundation for Buddhism' introduction into China. It was quite an important period. After the Wei,Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, we will say something about the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Buddhism developed rapidly in China at that time. During that time, our country was strong, prosperous and united. Buddhism learned from Confucianism to make itself perfect and formed a Chinese-style Buddhism. Buddhism wins over Confucianism because its huge and systematic philosophical theories. There are less profound philosophy in the Confucianism. So, Buddhism took the position of an advantage. At the same time, it spread to the public as a kind of religious worship. Some temples were built up. Buddhism was nationalized. In ancient times, Emperor Wen was the first person to revitalize Buddhism. Then, Emperor Taizong of Tang received Xuan Zang courteously. After Xuan came back from the western regions, he was warmly welcomed. Empress Wu Zetian followed her spouse in supporting Buddhism. As a result,Buddhism developed well. The translation of Buddhist sutras was supported by the whole country. Buddhism economy developed well, too. In the Sui Dynasty, there were Tiantai Sect, Triple-Sutra sect, Sanjie Sect. When it comes to the Tang Dynasty, there were Huayan Sect, Dharma-image Sect, Dhyana Sect, Pro-commandment Sect, Jingtu Sect and Mi Sect. Now, let's talk about Xuan Zang. He was born in 600 and died in 664. His surname was once "Chen". He was the great translator in the history of Chinese Buddhism and the master of Buddhism. He was the founder of Dharma-image Sect. He went abroad in 929 and came back to Changan 16 years later. He enjoyed great reputation in India. People valued him as "Jie Tuo Tian". When he came back, he not only was warmly welcomed but also started to translate sutras with other elites with the support from the emperor. He brought back 657 sections of Brahma-sutra from India. After 19 years, he translated 75 sections, 1335 volumes. It was a huge project. His work helped Chinese people to know about Buddhism in a systematic way. He was an epoch-making person. His translation skill was very great so that his translations were called brand-new ones. He taught many intelligent students which we won't list at this time. Governments provided protection to Buddhism in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qin Dynasties especially during the early Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Buddhism kept its prosperity in the regions south of the Yangtze River. All sects except Dhyana Sect and Pure-land Sect were on decline. The ruling class in the Yuan Dynasty worshipped Tibetan Buddhism but protected Chinese-style Buddhism somehow which was very interesting. Dhyana Sect and Pure-land Sect continued to develop and spread. Because of the scale of temples and the number of monks and nuns, After the year Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, Buddhism integrated many sects such as Dhyana Sect and Pure-land Sect with the appearance of masters like Zhenke, Deqing and Zhixu. Buddhism was also outstanding in learning from Confucianism. It wasn't isolated so that it was welcomed by scholar-bureaucrat and respected by civilians. Then the Buddhism became Chinese-style. In the Qin Dynasty, royal family worshipped and believed in Tibetan Buddhism but things differed from what happened in the Yuan Dynasty. At that time, there were certain restrictions to Buddhism. When Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne, the number of restrictions became less. Emperor Yongzheng put great emphasis on Buddhism, in the later Qin Dynasty, Tibetan Buddhism was strongly supported by the government and other sects developed among civilians at the same time. Now we should mention a person called Li Shutong. Li studied in Nanyang Public School (now Shanghai Jiao Tong University) in 1901 who was the student of Cai Yuanpei. Later on, he worked as a teacher in Zhejiang Province. In 1918, he became a monk in Dinghui Temple with the Dharma name Hui Yi. In modern times, there were many famous Buddhist scholars such as Zhang Taiyan and Liang Qichao. Their researches were mainly about Yoyacara, Dhyana and the history of Buddhism. The modern Buddhism had some features. One was western-style scientific orientation. Second was the management of laymen. It made a great contribution to the research of Buddhism. There was a Buddhist master called Jing Zong, who you may know, set up a Buddhist college in Australia. I once saw the picture of his teacher. His teacher was a layman in Taiwan who didn't intend to be a monk. His teacher was very knowledgeable with strong secular nature and political thoughts. Since its introduction into China in the Han Dynasty, Buddhism gradually became Chinese-style. For some considerable time, the public can only take a small part in Buddhism rather than knowing its profound knowledge and profound theories. Perhaps some eminent monks should study some profound theories which plays an important role in the Chinese-style Buddhism. However, what we feel when we were young is that most of the people don't know much about Buddhism. Buddhism is understood only in the level of its form. Buddha-mind is also very important which is a kind of belief. The belief focuses on how to be a great man which for a long time was used by ruling class to control citizens' thoughts and behaviors. However, on the other side, Buddhism discusses about the understanding of the value of life. In terms of the understanding of life, Buddhism has some special function which we will talk about later. All in all, today we've briefly talked about how Buddhism was introduced into China. During the process, one important thing is how it was treated differently in different time. And we said about the process of how Chinese-style Buddhism formed. All right, above mentioned are the all the contents today. In the next class, we will talk about unique thoughts of Buddhism.