谈到中华传统文化，大家首先想到的莫过于以孔子思想为代表的儒学思想，但中华传统文化绝不止这些；谈到中医药，大家第一印象可能是针灸、按摩，因为她们已经走向全球，但中医药也远不止如此。医学、生物学飞速发展的21世纪，中医药学这一古老学科为什么还有生命力？她与现代医药学有何不同？为什么很多人觉得中医药知识体系不容易学习和掌握？因为：中医药学具有深厚的中华传统文化背景，如果不了解中华传统文化，就难以深入理解中医药学的思想和知识。 本课程就是希望通过剖析中医药与中华传统文化的密切联系，使大家了解中医药学的中华传统文化的背景，更容易理解中医药的思维特征、思想特色和知识体系。通过本课程的学习，不仅能掌握一些中医药的基本知识、中医药养生的原理和方法，还能从中医药的视角认识中华传统文化的精髓。
用药风潮的道文化渊源
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来自 Shanghai Jiao Tong University 的课程
中医药与中华传统文化
106 个评分
从本节课中
道文化与中医药 & 佛文化与中医药
在古代著名的医药学家中不乏知名道士，如魏晋时期的王叔和、东晋时期的葛洪、梁代陶弘景、唐代的王冰、孙思邈等，将道文化思想不断融入中医药学；道文化与中医药有着深厚渊源。而作为泊来文化的佛文化是否也对中医药产生了影响呢？让我们共同学习探讨！
与讲师见面
Peng ChongshengAssociate Professor
School of Pharmacy
Hello, everyone!
We discussed how Taoism culture influenced traditional Chinese medicine in last class.
And in this class, we will talk about
the Taoism cultural origin of medication vogue.
Firstly, let’s get to know two people.
The first person is Du Mu.
It was said that he, as the grandson of Du You who was the prime minister then, was quite talented.
Talking about this guy,
All of you may think of his two pieces of heptasyllabic quatrains.
Qingming and Walking in the mountains.
They were really brilliant.
A drizzling rain falls like tears on the Mourning Day; The mourner's heart is going to break on his way.
Where can a wineshop be found to drown his sad hours? A cowherd points to a cot 'mid apricot flowers.
It also expressed people’s feelings of missing the dead in Qingming Festival.
And the poet vividly described the scene where people were sweeping the tomb in their hometown.
The other one was also written quite brilliantly.
I stopped my cart to watch the maple forest late with frost–bitten leaves more crimson than springblooms.
He was a famous great master of poem, ode and ancient Chinese prose in Tang dynasty.
There is another poem in wnich he described his romance in Huzhou
with sadness and helplessness.
As for this poem, I will not say more about it.
The second person is Han Yu, one of the "Eight Great Men of Letters of the Tang and Song Dynasties".
Han Yu, whose surname was Tuizhi,
Was born in Nanyang, Henan Province.
and called himself Changli Hanyu (Han Changli).
He was a well-known writer, philosopher, thinker and politician in Tang dynasty.
And another very important aspect is that he held the post of Directorate of Imperial Academy,
Then enrolled students and taught them.
After that, he wrote Shishuo, leaving a lot of wisdom to us.
For example, “The progress of studies comes from hard work, and is retarded by frivolities. The excellence of conduct is derived from independent thinking, and destroyed by blind follow.”
Teachers work for imparting facts and theories, as well as solving puzzles.
Teacher was the one that know the truth.
Why do we need to mention the two persons in this class?
Let’s enjoy the Poetry Anthology of Bai Juyi,
and get to know how Bai Juyi described them.
Tuizhi (Han Yu) took sulphur and was badly ill.
Duzi (Du Mu) found the way of alchemy, and then stopped eating fish or mutton all day.
Cui Jun (Cui Li) boasted of the effect of his medicine, and did not wear clothes all day.
He would get ill or die, both happening no later than his middle age.
All of these famous men died young because of taking vermilion pills or stones.
It was pitty of course, but, in fact, it happened far more than them.
It was started from the First Emperor of Qin, who took vermilion pills for immortality,
and then the vogue of taking vermilion pills caught on in Wei, Jin, Tang, Ming dynasties and so on.
A dozen emperors even died of taking excessive vermilion pills,
and numberous people were poisoned.
Because alchemy was expensive, people who could not afford it,
often took stone (mineral substance) directly.
What is vermilion pills?
It was called Golden Elixir, namely gold liquid (extracted from gold).
the abbreviation of Huandan (Cyclic change happens when the cinnabar was calcined.)
Vemilion pills need fire calcining,
so the technology is also called alchemy.
“Dan” is cinnabar, namely vermilion with red colour.
It was a kind of Chinese medicine by itself.
It contains the main drug of alchemy.
The calcined medicine is also called “Dan”.
“Dan” here has become a kind of preparations.
There is still sublimed preparation in our Chinese medicine until now.
Cinnabar was quite popular with ancient people by its sightly color.
When alchemy developed,
The main composition of cinnabar is mercuric sulfide.
It could become argenteous liquid mercury after calcining.
Namely, Gong in Chinese.
Mercury and sulphur are calcined together,
We can get the red cinnabar again.
The chemical change can happen in circles.
So it can be named as “Jiu Zhuan Huan Dan” in Chinese.
Therefore, people found the fantastic chemical change when they were calcining,
And the ancient people were astonished by it,
so it arose much thought.
As they believed, all the grass and wood would become ash after they were burnt.
But cinnabar could become mercury by calcining, and then become cinnabar back again.
Grass and wood are far from it.
What’s meaning?
He thought grass and wood became ash after burning.
If the grass and wood can treat diseases,
What I burnt can not become ash,
but can happen in circles.
That should far surpass the effect of grass and wood.
Therefore, they believed that vermilion pills can keep human immortal.
So Ge Hong once said,
The longer Dan was calcined, the more fantastic changes we can find.
Gold will not decrease no matter how long it is calcined in fire.
And when buried in soil, it will not decay even for a very long time.
People will get stronger after taking the two kinds of medicine, so it can keep human immortal.
Actually, people keep themselves stronger by means of other things outside their body.
Ge Hong, as we all know, is a Taoism priest.
As well as a medical scientist and pharmacologist.
When he said so,
Who will not believe it?
So it can be found that in the alchemy, Taoism culture
had a significant impact.
With the profound affect of alchemy in Qin and Han dynasties,
Shennong’s Herbal lists some certain crude drug of alchemy as top grade.
Such as Jade Spring, cinnabar, mercury and azurite ore.
But this is not doctors’ summary of experience.
Alchemy is a subtle experiment,
and promoted the development of chemical medicine in later ages.
However the aim of taking vermilion pills for immortality is fatuous.
Therefore, some called it deformed discipline.
Taking vermilion pills caused a lot of social problems.
Cinnabar intoxication has become front project of medical therapy.
Researchs of modern scholarship shows
that gunpowder, as one of the four great inventions in ancient China
has close relationship with alchemy and fire.
Although, from Qin and Han dynasties to Sui and Tang dynasties,
the fashion of taking vermilion pills was popular among the whole society,
most doctors are sober.
Although Shennong’s Herbal was influenced by alchemy,
and contains a lot of records on goldstone as material of alchemy,
It could not indicate that doctors at that time agreed with the records of some certain medicine in it.
According to the explanation of Collective Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica of Liang Hongjing in Liang dynasty,
Medicine recorded in Shennong’s Herbal and Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians are actually “Immortal Classics”.
The so called “Immortal Classics” is the combination of Taoism Classics
and doctor’s medication.
So it is not a pure book of medicine.
The great pharmacologist in Ming dynasty, Li Shizhen, held distinctive attitude toward it.
He also said the cinnabar became gold, which people took would become immortal.
Chen Cangqi also said too much taking of cinnabar would keep the taker immortal, and so forth.
Cinnabar in Han dynasty could be used in clinic surgery.
If you are interest, please take a look at it.
I will not say more about it.
It is worth mentioning Ge Hong in East Jin dynasty.
He had the most significant impact in alchemy.
He believed that only by taking his golden elixir,
can we become immortal.
And he clearly proposed that those who could not get golden elixir, but take grass and wood as medicine were little minds.
They could only prolong life-span, but could not be immortal.
He did believe alchemy can help people be immortal,
and grass could only prolong your life-span.
The two points are totally not on the same level.
So the impact was significant.
The cinnabars gained much popularity in Tang dynasty.
The Supplement to 'Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces' and Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency of Sun Si-miao
as well as Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library of Wang Tao,
all recorded abundant achievements of clinical applications.
The Wu Ma paste in Supplement to 'Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces' contains Wu Ma oil and yellow lead vinegar.
Its penetration was also written in details.
So cinnabar was extensively applied in Tang dynasty.
And for example, its application in some fields such as ophthalmology and so on.
or rhizoma coptidis powder paste for curing breast sore in gynecology
You can see, in fact, many traditional Chinese medicines
use this kind of mineral medicine.
Especially some drugs for external use.
Then, what is stone medicine?
“Taking stone” was actually a social medication vogue in Wei and Jin period.
Generally speaking, calcining cinnabar was very expensive,
Common people could not afford it.
Stone medicine is mineral medicine you picked.
The common stone medicine at this period is powders of five minerals.
It is not the same as taking cinnabar,
And different in ways or aims.
The origin of "taking stone" was clearer.
The initiator was He Yan in Wei period in the Three Kindoms.
It was said that the Theory of cold food powders of Huangfu Mi told that
Taking powders of five minerals was not for curing disease,
but, as they believed, for refreshing and stronger body after taking it.
It made people comfortable, then refreshed
and more powerful.
Mr. He invented powders of five minerals at that time,
Aiming at meeting the amorous need for himself.
But later, because he was famous,
It caused a sensation attracting people’s imitation.
Therefore, taking stone medicine was popular gradually.
And more and more people took stone medicine.
Powders of five minerals consists of five kinds of stones.
It will have other different names if some other medicine was added in it..
Such as kidney Qi pill of five minerals, Aconite pill of five minerals and saving-life powders of five minerals.
But the key point was it added many mineral medicine.
It is said that people can feel fever throughout the whole body after taking it.
And it also needs taking a cold shower.
Sometimes, people should also stay in a very cold environment.
So in the Poetry Anthology of Bai Juyi, we found
It not only described that Han Yu and Du Mu died of taking drugs,
But also described Cui Li.
Cui Li was a military officer.
He did not wear clothes all day just for proving he was strong by taking stone medicine.
That is to say, he wore nothing all day long, with his shoulder exposed there.
It proved that he was strong after taking medicine.
Actually, it was publicizing as an intangible advertisement.
However, after taking it,
People would feel hot and dry all through the body.
If taking stone medicine for long, people would die of it.
So the takers should eat cold food after taking drugs,
And wear nothing so as to keep himself not so hot.
So it was also a kind of medicine abuse (abuse stone medicine).
Why there are so many side effects in taking stone or cinnabar,
Someone even died,
but many other people still want to have a try?
The key point was that he feel hot and excited after taking drugs.
Doctor Hunagfu Mi had ever tried taking stone by himself.
So he made an introduction.
Cool food powders for two Liang as three packets.
People should take one packet with warm wine on the morning.
and then taking another packet after a certain period.
The three packets should be finished on one morning.
The drug would take effect soon.
The taker should wash his hands and feet quickly.
It would make the effect moving in the body and taker would feel hot and dry.
At that time, taker should take off his clothes and take a cold shower to his heart’s content.
It wil make the medicine power move more smoothly.
After the whole body cool down,
Taker will feel open and clear.
It was a self experience he wrote down.
When we think about it nowadays, the cool food powders
Can render the takers hot, dry and excited.
The fanaticism caused by drugs must rely on the action of "Moving the powders"
And build a cold environment for takers to sustain it.
We can speculate according to its medicine property,
Cool food powders may work for some disease of cold property.
Most people take it not for curing disease,
but for seeking a clear and open state.
Just like some people taking drugs.
People take drugs not for curing disease,
But for seeking a feeling of cheer.
So it has the function like this.
According to the research, during the 500 years from Weizheng to the reign of Tianbao period in Tang dynasty,
Millions of people took cool food powders.
As a result, hundreds of thousands of people died of that.
It's a quite large number.
There are many nobilities and celebrities indulged in it.
Such as Sima Pi, Wang Xizhi, Wang wei and He xun.
And we mentioned before that Han Yu took cinnabar, to name a few.
They are typical examples.
So here are the records of such a kind of vogue in history.
The vogue was closely related to the theory of alchemy for immortality raised by Taoism at that time.
Obviously, it was influenced by these facts.
These facts promoted its development.
Of course, these medicines, seen from another perspective,
Can cure some diseases, such as those of cool property, to some extent.
It was certain.
But people took it not for curing disease then,
But for seeking a feeling of cheer.
The second medication vogue rests on aromatic drug.
What is aromatic drug?
It is a new kind of medicine with aroma in Chinese medicine.
Maybe the first feeling when you walk into dispensary of traditional Chinese medicine is
That there are many kinds of aroma in the room.
It's true that the aroma of some traditional Chinese medicine was quite heavy.
Clinic medical use are mainly frankincense, agilawood, storax,
Sandalwood, radix angelicae, syzygium aromaticum, elecampane and so on.
Most medicine books are attributed on the basis of function to
Medicine of removing dampness by means of aromatics, that of enhance blood and Qi circulation,and that of inducing resuscitation such kind of medicine.
Aromatic drugs are mainly produed in East Asia, India and Middile East reign.
It was gradually introduced into China after Han dynasty.
So Chinese call it "South Medicine" sometimes.
Because the imported medicine by waterway or from south
Was meant for tribute then.
Later in Song dynasty when the sea transportation was getting popular,
Aromatic drugs were immigrated in large amount.
It far surpassed modern times.
So the prevail of aromatic drugs started from Song dynasty.
The great medical formulary in Song dynasty, Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled during the Taiping Era (aka Formulas from Benevolent Sages)
And Mixture Formulas for common people Compiled during the Taiping Era and so on.
As well as Comprehensive Recording of Divine Assistance.
Are all very important books then,
Recorded many aromatic medicines.
Moreover, it was said that Shen Kuo and Su Dongpo coedited this book.
Another statement was that someone later combined the two booklets
Into the Fine Formulas of Su and Shen, as it recorded.
Xie Zhifang, the Department Officer,
Breathed feebly for a long time, thus at the last gap, helplessly.
So how to deal with it?
So he took storesin for half Liang and then revived.
How much is half Liang?
So it was a typical case.
Then there is another case as follows.
A boatman caught cold for long and died, but his heart was still warm.
He could not be quit.
So feed him storesin for four pills, then he resuscitate.
It saved him, too.
So it was found that the function of aromatic medicine is not bad.
We say that storesin are still applied on cardiovascular disease.
Such as angina, and so forth.
Ice storax dropping pills was exploited on the basis of it.
These are some first-aid medicine in clinic.
It is truly effective.
Storesin as the Mixture Formulas for common people Compiled during the Taiping Era
Recorded, was made up of musk, agilawood, Syzygium aromaticum, benzoin,
symplocos paniculata, storax and so on, totally 15 kinds of medicine.
It has functions of warming for resuscitation and promoting the circulation of Qi for eliminating dampness.
It mainly aims at sudden faint and trismus caused by stroke,
Such kind of chest pains.
The so called chest pains refers to angina, coronary heart disease,
Or sudden cardiac arrest caused by it.
Besides, storesin can also treat other diseases,
Such as stomachache, sunstroke, Pediatric breathing disorder
As well as anaphylactic rhinitis and so on, and it was quite effective.
Aromatic drugs can also be used as surgery medicine and so on.
What’s more, it can also used in gynecology.
But later there are some cases of aromatic drugs abuse.
Boiled medicine water refers to the natural aromatic drugs are
Boiled into liquid.
Because there was no concept of beverage in ancient times.
Just like nowadays, we may have many beverage with aroma.
Our clever forefathers favor naming all kinds of beverage as boiled medicine water.
There is a Ci poem called Tan Po Huan Xi Sha,
After illness, I rise with grey hair on my head, and see the waning moon through window screen from my bed
Together with their twigs are boiled cardamom seed; for tea there's no need.
Here uses two kinds of medicine.
One is cardamom, and the other is boiled water with twigs.
Because this describes the famous female Ci poet in Song dynasty, Li Qingzhao.
She liked boiled medicine water of Amomum cardamomum.
Because she often suffered disease of summer-heat dampness and spleen deficiency in summer.
She made beverage of boiled medicine water of Amomum cardamomum for himself,
And drink it as water.
This is feasible only if you have indications.
Boiled medicine water was popular in the palace in Song dynasty.
National Academy then organized exclusive royal cooks and royal doctors
To evaluate and rank boiled medicine water of various flavors and effects.
The top one was boiled medicine water of purple perilla.
Because it was aromatic.
And could cure Qi blockage in chest.
Later, boiled medicine water developed into recipes with various effects.
For example, boiled cassia occidentalis water is used for improving eyesight and relaxing the bowels.
Boiled honeysuckle water and such kind of water.
So these come from your doctor's recipe on the basis of your disease,
No problem.
But if you boil these medicine at home randomly,
It really abuse medicine, to some extent.
Just like nowadays, Wang Laoji herbal tea is popular among us.
It was created on the basis of the climate and environment of Guangdong
As a herbal tea.
Then the manufacturers randomly publicize it for selling its advertisement.
That is please drink Wang Laoji in case of getting inflamed.
Dose anyone get inflamed easily?
Do people in northeast China, a world of ice and snow, get inflamed easily?
If , as a product,
Popularized randomly, it maybe not fully correct.
It should also be used by people with correct constitution.
If so, it maybe more accurate.
So there is some certain
Because what it uses is come medicine for cleaning heat.
Of course, we talked about boiled medicine water before, namely, aromatic drugs.
Some people will use it once seeing the boiled medicine water made of aromatic drugs.
This is sort of abuse.
The third respect is called nourish body by itself.
The Ming government had political corruption after its middle period.
The ruling class led a extravagant and dissipated life.
And they sought extreme pleasure and sensual excite.
The obscene vogue prevailed throughout the government officials.
However, after Song dynasty, because of the side effect of gold stone,
People all knew that they couldn't take cinnabar or stone any more.
The ruling class started to seek a new enjoyable, immortal
And safe panacea.
This kind of atmosthere was pushed to a new high in reign of Jiaqing in Ming dynasty.
Red lead paid by Taoist Tao Zhongwen
And Prepared Salt calcined by Scholar-Official, Gu Kexue and Sheng Duanming won the best graces of the emperor.
Taoist priest comes again.
The so-called medication vogue of "Nourish body by itself"
Refers to producing medicine with the body’s waste or excreta.
It includes lead made by the menarche, Prepared Sult made by urine of boys under twelve,
Human milk extracted by force (Flat Peach Wine) and placenta (placenta hominis), to name a few.
These are taken as the medicine to nourish Yang and deficiency.
Of course the modern medicine also proved that drinking colostrum or take placenta can improve human's immunity.
But that degree is a little excessive.
Because red lead is a mixture medicine made by virgin's menstruation.
The Hanzhenbingzi refers to the extravasated blood in the mouth of newborn.
It is said that it can improve sexual desire.
From the 19th year in the reign of Jiaqing Emperor (1540 AD),
People caicined the two cinnabars crazily.
The calcining must needs large mount of materials.
So the palace needed to draft a large number of maids at 13 to 14 year old,
and forced them to take medicine for descending blood.
Light, it may hurt the mind and body of these maids.
Heavy, it could cause excessive loss of blood, or even metrorrhagia.
Therefore, many maids died of it.
Or they were even killed in case of revealing the secret of calcining vermilion pills.
There happened a “Ren Yin palace coup” in the reign of Jiajing Emperor.
This is the most rare maids revolt in history.
Some maids then couldn't endure,
then started to conspire a revolt.
While Jiajing Emperor was sleeping soundly,
The maids led by Yang Jinying wanted to strangle him with hemp rope.
Fancy that the maids in hurry made a fast knot of the rope.
Finally, Jiajing Emperor was just frightened to faint, and didn't die.
In reverse, these maids
Even a imperial concubine was involved.
All of them were beheaded
So these are medication vogues in history.
Let's come back to review, they were all related to the exploitation of immortal drugs,
enhancing immunity, improving sexual desire and so on.
they are closely realted.
So viewing from another level.
Taoism culture not only facilitates the development of traditional Chinese medicine,
But also provides many good ways of keeping in good health.
Besides, there were also some excessive drug abuse in the drug use.
These kind of vogues also happened.
For us nowadays, these facts
Do not leave us no vigilance at all.
Although we are living in the 21th century,
There are still some people who are in a fog in this field.
For instance, taking chlorine took place a few years ago.
Someone told you you can keep healthy if you taking chlorine in every meal,
In fact, these info can be easily penetrated.
But there are really a lot of people believing it.
Therefore, we talked about this issue with the aim of hoping all of you
should calmly treat some boasting,
or advertising.
and their functions.
Then all the people abuse some certain medicine
or food.
It needs some scientific basis,
As a doctor of Chinese medicine,
he will not casually give you
the medicine you should take one-time in a certain period of time.
Similarly, there was a case of abusing Minor Bupleurum Decoction in Japan.
I think it could not happen in Chinese medicine.
Because finally, if you abuse Minor Bupleurum Decoction,
and eat too much, which can cause some other diseases.
We should have a clear consciousness.
These are our aims of talking about it.
OK, as for the contents on Taoism and traditional Chinese medicine,
We have finished all of them.
Next class, we will talk about Buddhist culture and traditional Chinese medicine.
