谈到中华传统文化，大家首先想到的莫过于以孔子思想为代表的儒学思想，但中华传统文化绝不止这些；谈到中医药，大家第一印象可能是针灸、按摩，因为她们已经走向全球，但中医药也远不止如此。医学、生物学飞速发展的21世纪，中医药学这一古老学科为什么还有生命力？她与现代医药学有何不同？为什么很多人觉得中医药知识体系不容易学习和掌握？因为：中医药学具有深厚的中华传统文化背景，如果不了解中华传统文化，就难以深入理解中医药学的思想和知识。 本课程就是希望通过剖析中医药与中华传统文化的密切联系，使大家了解中医药学的中华传统文化的背景，更容易理解中医药的思维特征、思想特色和知识体系。通过本课程的学习，不仅能掌握一些中医药的基本知识、中医药养生的原理和方法，还能从中医药的视角认识中华传统文化的精髓。
中医药的发展和集成
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来自 Shanghai Jiao Tong University 的课程
中医药与中华传统文化
107 个评分
从本节课中
走近中医药
本模块彭老师将从支持、反对中医药的不同观点入手探讨对中医药产生不同看法的时代背景和历史原因，如针灸如何被国际社会所接受、历次攻击中医药风波等；并从中医药起源、发展脉络进行历史回顾，使学习者对中医药有客观的认识。通过本模块的学习，相信大家对中医药会有更加全面、清晰的认识。
与讲师见面
Peng ChongshengAssociate Professor
School of Pharmacy
In the last two lesson, we've discussed about the beginning of traditional Chinese medicine and the development phase of theories.
Today we will discuss about the phase of development and integration.
Based on the theoretical foundations made in the Qin and Han Dynasties,
traditional Chinese medicine had become an unique medicine system
through the development in Jin, Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
In the following part, I will discuss the development in seven aspects such as the collection of works, aetiology and pharmacology.
let's look at the collection of works in the first place.
The first book we will discuss is "Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases".
It was edited by Zhang Zhongjing who lived in a turbulent era.
Soon after his death, no one knew where his book was.
Later on, an imperial physician named Wang Shuhe found one part of the book.
He was so excited in reading it,
so he utilized his privilege to search for the manuscripts of "Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases".
Fortunately, all the parts were found. He edited them and re-named it as "Treatise on Cold Pathogenic".
The book contained 22 articles and 397 treatments, totally more than 50000 words.
But the "Miscellaneous Diseases" part disappeared forever.
When it comes to the achievement of Wang Shuhe, Xu Dachun (a famous doctor in Qing Dynasty) said that there would be no "Treatise on Cold Pathogenic" without Wang.
He played an important role in the return of the useful book.
800 years after Zhang Zhongjing died,
a scholar of Hanlin Academy named Wang Zhu found a bamboo sheet in the stack room
The bamboo sheet was damaged by worms with the title "Jinkui Yaolue Synopsis of Golden Chamber".
Part of it was similar to "Treatise on Cold Pathogenic" but another part of it focused on miscellaneous diseases.
Later in the history, when Lin Yi, Sun Qi (both of them were famous doctors) were asked to revise the "Treatise on Cold Pathogenic",
they compared it with "Jinkui Yaolue Synopsis of Golden Chamber" and changed the name to be "Jinkui Synopsis" after they found out that the author was again Zhang Zhongjing.
"Jinkui Synopsis" had 25 chapters altogether.
Since then, "Treatise on Cold Pathogenic" and "Jinkui Synopsis" were revised and published in Song Dynasty
which were the same version we now can read.
In the two books, 269 prescriptions were recorded with the use of 214 different medicine
which meet the demand in clinical field.
"Treatise on Cold Pathogenic" not only talked about "Law of Six Meridian Syndrome"
but also formed a comprehensive system of prescription, medicine and pathology.
and laid the foundations for the theory of Eight Principle Syndromes.
"Jinkui Synopsis" integrated and categorized according to the viscera pathogenesis theory,
recording over 40 miscellaneous diseases and helped the development of etiology.
It's the effort and carefulness of Wang Shuhe and Wang Zhu
that the book can be found today and left the precious heritage for later generations.
Next, we will talk about "The Inner Canon of Huangdi".
Since its publication experienced the change of dynasties,
its copying and preservation met with some troubles.
Wang Bing - a famous doctor in Tang Dynasty, once found a book in his teacher's house.
The book's content and writing skills were quite similar to "The Inner Canon of Huangdi" and "Plain Questions" but still had its own uniqueness.
in the end, it was proved to be "The Inner Canon of Huangdi"'s manuscript.
It was handed down generations after generations after revision and supplement.
However, the other part of the book ("Miraculous Pivot" or "Nine Chapters") failed to be handed down from past generations since Song Dynasty.
Later on,the ancient Korea came to China and used "Miraculous Pivot" to exchange "History As A Mirror"
which helped to preserve the complete "The Inner Canon of Huangdi".
In addition to the regain and revision of "The Inner Canon of Huangdi" and "Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases",
other famous works had been compiled in the next few dynasties.
Emperor Taizu of Song, Zhao Kuangyin, asked the medical officers to revise "New Kaibao Materia Medica" - the first medicine book in the Song Dynasty.
He was also the first emperor writing a prologue for a medicine book.
Before he became a emperor, he was so found of studying art of healing and had already collected thousands of prescriptions.
After he succeeded to the throne, he collected the prescriptions both form medical officers and common people.
All of the prescriptions were at last edited into a book called "Prescriptions that Bring about Peace and Benevolence" by imperial physician Wang Huaiyin.
Emperor Taizu of Song wrote a prologue for the book and named the title to it.
Emperor Renzong of Song set up a special bureau
in charge of the searching,reorganizing and examining of the medical classics handed down from the last generations.
The workload was heavy for there were 509 classics.
Emperor Huizong of Song, Zhao Ji, also ordered imperial physicians to compile 200 chapters in "General Records of Holy Universal Relief",
"Kaibao Materia Medica" (975), "Supplement and Correction of Materia Medica"(1060) and "Materia Medica with Illustration"(1061), etc..
In 1935,"Chinese Medicine Dictionary" was published, including up to 4300 items.
Since the New China,many tasks have been done in reorganizing the literature and books
such as the publication of "Chinese Pharmacopoeia of the PRC","Traditional Chinese Medicine Dictionary","Chinese medicinal herbal","Prescription Dictionary", "Chinese Materia Medica" and so on.
Then, we move to the second aspect - development in etiology.
In the Song Dynasty, Chen Wuze wrote the " Treatise on Three Categories of Pathogenic Factors",
in which he categorized the causes of sickness into internal, external and neither of both. And nowadays we still use his ideas.
Many researches focus on the etiology and the description of symptoms.
For example, in the Sui Dynasty, Chao Yuanfang wrote "General Treatise on the Cause and Symptoms of Diseases"
involving 1739 symptoms in 67 different categories.
There was no one studying tape worm before him.
He found that is caused by eating raw beef.
He also studied the dermatitis rhus and believed that
some people were born to be allergic to it while someone weren't.
Besides, his raised the studies in leprosy,dermatophytosis and diabetes to a certain height.
In the third part, we will talk about the development in pharmacology.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Lei Xiao wrote a book "Treatise on Preparation and Broiling of Materia Medica"
that was useful to the drug processing technology after Han Dynasty
and unique.
Between the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, dietary therapy and foreign drugs were studied
such as the book "dietetic materia medica" and "Oversea Materia Medica".
When it comes to the Song Dynasty, State Drug Administration was set up
which was amazing.
In 1706, there were enterprises specifically responsible for
drug selling and producing.
In the Ming Dynasty, the well-known Li Shizhen wrote the book "Compendium of Materia Medica"
involving 1892 different medicine, 374 more than people found before.
The book was a great work with up to 11000 records of prescriptions.
Based on it, Zhao Xuemin wrote "Supplement to the Compendium of Materia Medica" in the Qin Dynasty
with 921 medicine in total, adding 716 medicine to the former book.
Then, what about the development in dosimetry?
In the the Northern Qi Dynasty, there was a book called "Couplet Medicine"
which discussed the basic units of prescriptions.
In the Jin Dynasty, Ge Hong's "Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies" was popular because of its price and efficacy.
There were many other great books. For example, Sun Simiao's "Valuable Prescription for Emergencies" and "Supplement to Thousand Golden Prescriptions",
Wang Dao's "Medical Secrets from the Royal Library" and Cheng Wuji's "Concise Exposition on Cold Pathogenic Diseases".
And Wu Kun's "Medical Prescriptions Investigations" was the first treatise focusing on prescription theology.
Outstanding achievements have been made in the modern application and research of traditional Chinese medicine since the New China.
For example, people found that antifebrile dichroa and artemisia annua can be used to treat malaria
and some elements in arsenic can treat leukemia.
Next, in the fourth part, acupuncture and moxibustion will be discussed.
The first work discussing acupuncture and moxibustion is "A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion" written by Huang Fumi in the Jin Dynasty.
It is also the first work that combines acupuncture theories with science of acupuncture points.
The full name is "Classified Classics on Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Huangdi".
Then, we move to the health maintenance and dietary therapy part.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Hu Sihui compiled the "Principles of Correct Diet"
which talked about many methods of dietary therapy
and introduced some dietary medicine from the Hui and Mongol nationality.
The book encouraged later generations' emphasis on health maintenance and dietray therapy.
Emperor Zhenzong of Song, Zhao Heng, was one of them.
He paid a great attention to health maintenance.
After reading "Health Maintenance in Four Seasons" written by Zhao Zihua, He felt it quite useful
and re-named it as "Health Maintenance through Diet" with a self-written prologue.
Later on, he Chose to publish two classics in health maintenance
in order to popularize the health maintenance skills to common people.
Emperpr Huizong of Song summarized the relevant medical theories and health maintenance skills.
He put emphasis on the adjustment in diet, living conditions and emotions and was against the abusive use of medicine.
His idea was not common at that time.
Before the Tang Dynasty, many emperors were fond of over-using medicine and they died young.
In the sixth part, let's see the development in clinical studies.
The first one is gynaecology.
There were many well-known books in the field of gynaecology such as
Xu Zhicai's "Nourishing the Fetus in Ten Months", Sun Simiao's "Valuable Prescription"
and Chen Ziming's "Complete Collection of Prescriptions for Women".
In the field of legal medical expert, Song Ci's "Records for Washing Away of Wrong Cases" was a masterpiece
and was used as a tool to settle lawsuits.
In the surgical field, the book "Orthodox Manual of External Medicine" written by Chen Shigong (a famous doctor in Ming Dynasty)
discussed the effective method to removing nasal polyps, amputate and so on,
which shows that surgical studies have made great achievements in the traditional Chinese medicine.
In the end, we will briefly talk about Theory of Epidemic Febrile Diseases.
School of febrile diseases was a school studied febrile diseases which
was formed in the late Ming Dynasty in the southern place.
Wu Youxing was one member of the school, his "Theory of Plague" discussed about the features and treatments of plague
and to some extent was different from "Treatise on Febrile Diseases".
There appeared many relevant theories and treating methods in the Zhejiang region which
all believed that febrile diseases and plague are not caused by coldness.
It was a quite different idea from Zhang Zhongjing's
and that's why late generations called them School of Febrile Diseases.
Ye Tianshi and Wu Jutong were both representative individuals
of the school.
In the Qing Dynasty, science of plague became complete in the fields of causes, symptoms and treatments
With today's words, science of plague discusses about the bacteria and infectious diseases.
From the above seven aspects, we can find that traditional Chinese medicine developed it own system
after generations of progress.
Well, this chapter is finished.
