1:01
In dealing with them through a sample selection mechanism in two stages,
that we're going to call probability proportionate to size, or PPS.
So what we require is a method that has
some of the properties of the two things that we were just dealing with.
Number one, equal chance, one in 60, for all the employees.
That was an attractive feature for us, and so, that Epsem,
equal probability of selection method was attractive, and we want to retain that.
At the same time, we would like to retain the features of the alternative
method where we had the same number of elements in each of the subsamples.
So let's consider two clusters from two hospitals from our
population of 12 in which we're going to take 15 employees in each.
And we've just set up kind of an algebra problem here, a selection equation.
Our overall f is going to come in two parts.
It's gotta be one in 60 as our overall rate.
As going to be done in two parts.
A probability of selection of the cluster P of alpha,
alpha for the cluster, and then within sampling,
where we're taking 50 employees from those that are actually there.
It depends on which cluster are selected as to what that denominator is, so
I've just put in capital B sub alpha.
It could be 50 from 60.
It could be 50 from 180.
Could be 50 from 1,860.
But that's what we've just said by saying that it has to be equal chance.
That's the 1 in 60, and in two stages on the second stage, I want the same
number of employees, the same number of elements from each of the clusters.
That's the beginning.
Now what should that piece of alpha be?
3:17
Well the fractions work out this way.
This kind of thing says that what we're going to do is take two hospitals
with probabilities proportionate to size, and then take the same number of employees
in each, that's what all of these equations refer to.
Across two stages we're going to get balance in the overall sampling fraction
for all the employees,
they all have the same chance of being selected by doing it in two steps,
where the first step, we over sample big hospitals and under sample small.
But, in the second step, we over sampled employees in small hospitals and
under sample employees in large hospitals, and
the produce of the two always comes out to be our one in 60.
Boy, I need an easy way to do this because that sounds complicated to me.
It's hard to keep track of, this is an bookkeeping problem.
We know have to keep track of probabilities of selection for
the hospitals and for the employees within hospitals.
But it can be managed as long as we're careful and
go through this slowly with our available information.
So let's go back to our list of hospitals, here they are now,
here's all twelve of them, and do a PPS sample.
And I've added a new column here, the cumulative size of the hospital.
So, notice for hospital one, the actual size is 420, the cumulative size is 420.
For hospital two, the actual size is 180,
the cumulative size is 600, which is 420 plus 180.
For the third hospital, it's size, it's actual size is 120.
It's cumulative is 720.
600 plus 120. We keep adding in the sizes successively,
till we get down to the 12th hospital where its actual is 240, and
its cumulative size is 6,000, which is the total number in our population.
So here's the process, what we're going to do is generate a random number now,
not from one to 12 but from one to 6,000.
Let's suppose that we select two random numbers from one to 6,000.
The first random number is 702.
Four-digit random number from 1 to 6,000, 07, 02, 1744 is the second one.
We're going to go through and find the first hospital on the cumulative
sum whose cumulative sum is greater than or equal to the first random number, and
then we're going to do the same thing for the second number.
Find the hospital whose cumulative sum first exceeds,
as we're working our way down the list, to that number.
That chooses hospital three and seven.
So you can see now I've lined up 702 with hospital three.
Because 702 falls in the range,
if you will, from 601 one more than hospital two's, but
it's included in hospital three's up to 720, and the 1744 falls in the range,
let's see, from hospital five to six, from 1561 to 1920.
In the first case, there are 120 numbers from 600 to 720.
601, 602, 603 and so on through 720.
120 numbers we chose one of them.
But that means that I could have chose any one of the numbers
from 601 to 720 in that hospital.
The chance of that hospital with one random selection being selected
is 120 from the 6,000.
Of, that's what we wanted,
is proportionate to it's size using the cumulative numbers.
Similarly for hospital six, there are 360 numbers that go from 1561,
the one that's above hospital five, from 1561 to 1720.
360 from 6000, that's its chances of being selected, and
we happen to get one of them, 1744.
So now, we've made two draws, each with probabilities proportioned to size,
which is what we wanted in the first stage.
Now we can go to the second stage and take 50 at random from 120, and
50 at random from the 360 in hospitals three and six, respectively.
7:27
That has a danger, though.
We could end up selecting the same hospital more than once.
We could have gotten the same random number twice or
random numbers from the same hospital.
So to avoid that problem, we're going to do a form of systematic sampling.
Something that we'll come back to, so just learn the mechanics right now.
Let's start with that first random number 702.
Now let's pretend now that this was selected not from one to 6,000,
but from one to 3,000, the first half of the list.
We're going to get a selection from the first half of the list for
our first one, and then we're going to find the selected hospital as before.
But then we're going to add 3,000.
Go from the first half of the list to the second, to 3702,
which gets us a different hospital, in that case, hospital 10.
This is what's called systematic probability proportionate to size.
We're dividing the list into two groups,
because we have two samples that we're doing.
The first half of the list from which we draw one at random, and
the second half of the list from which we count the size of the group,