关于此课程： Welcome to the Evidence-based Toxicology (EBT) course. In medicine and healthcare, evidence-based medicine has revolutionized the way that information is evaluated transparently and objectively. Over the past ten years, a movement in North America and Europe has attempted to translate this revolution to the field of toxicology. The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) within the department of Environmental Health and Engineering at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health hosts the first chair for EBT and the secretariat for the EBT Collaboration on both sides of the Atlantic. Based on the Cochrane Collaboration in Evidence-based Medicine, the EBT Collaboration was established at the CAAT to foster the development of a process for quality assurance of new toxicity tests for the assessment of safety in humans and the environment. Regulatory safety sciences have undergone remarkably little change in the past fifty years. At the same time, our knowledge in the life sciences is doubling about every seven years. Systematic review and related evidence-based approaches are beginning to be adapted by regulatory agencies like the Environment Protection Agency (EPA), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and the US National Toxicology Program. They provide transparent, objective, and consistent tools to identify, select, appraise, and extract evidence across studies. This course will showcase these emerging efforts and address opportunities and challenges to the expanded use of these tools within toxicology.
此课程适用人群： This course is primarily designed for toxicologists who are interested in new approaches in toxicology, following the paradigm shift of 21st century toxicology.
制作方： Johns Hopkins University
教学方： Thomas Hartung, Professor
Environmental Health and Engineering教学方： Lena Smirnova, Research Associate
Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing
| 级别 | 初级 |
| 承诺学习时间 | 7 weeks of study, 2-4 hours per week |
| 语言 | 英语（English） |
| 如何通过 | 通过所有计分作业以完成课程。 |
授课大纲
第 1 周
Introduction & Shortcomings of Current Approaches
This module introduces you to the course, outlines the shortcomings of current toxicity testing approaches, and shows how EBT can help to overcome these shortcomings.
9 个视频, 3 个阅读材料, 1 个练习测验
- 视频: Introduction to the Course
- Reading: Letter to Learners
- Reading: Course Learning Objectives
- 视频: Introduction
- 视频: Shortcoming No. 1: Narrative Reviews
- 视频: Shortcoming No. 2: Bias in Reviews
- 视频: Shortcoming No. 3: Evidence Writing
- 视频: Shortcoming No. 4: External Validity
- 视频: Shortcoming No. 5: Assessing New Methods
- 视频: Shortcoming No. 6: Inadequate Reporting
- Reading: Supporting reading
- Discussion Prompt: Rank the shortcomings
- 练习测验: Practice Quiz 1
第 2 周
History and Causation
This module explains how evidence-based toxicology originated and describes the driving forces for the initiative. In the second lesson, you will learn how to distinguish between correlation and causation as well as the main problems with drawing conclusions on the basis of correlations. The Bradford Hill criteria are introduced, along with examples for each criterion. You will also learn about mechanistic toxicology and mechanistic validation.
11 个视频, 2 个阅读材料, 1 个练习测验
- 视频: Personal First Exposures to Evidence-Based Medicine
- 视频: The Start of EBT
- 视频: The First Conference 2007 to the Start of the EBT Collaboration 2011
- 视频: The Evidence-Based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC)
- Reading: Supporting reading
- 视频: Introduction Causation vs. Correlation
- 视频: The Hill Principles of Epidemiology and their Relation to Toxicology
- 视频: The Problem of Causation in Toxicology
- 视频: Biomarker Concept in Mechanistic Toxicology
- 视频: Mechanistic Validation
- 视频: The Future of Causation in Complex Systems
- Reading: Supporting reading
- Discussion Prompt: Importance of EBT
- 练习测验: Practice Quiz 2
第 3 周
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
This module shows how to perform systematic reviews and meta-analyses. You will learn the history of both methods and will receive step-by-step instructions on how to perform systematic reviews and meta-analyses using examples from the research activities of the instructors.
8 个视频, 2 个阅读材料, 1 个练习测验
- 视频: Systematic Reviews: Definition and Principles
- 视频: Systematic Reviews - Protocol Development
- 视频: Systematic Reviews - Protocol Development (Part 2)
- Reading: Supporting reading
- 视频: History
- 视频: Meta-analysis Guidelines
- 视频: Meta-analysis Protocol, Part 1
- 视频: Meta-analysis Protocol, Part 2
- Reading: Supporting reading
- Discussion Prompt: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
- 练习测验: Practice Quiz 3
已评分: Mid-course exam
第 4 周
Risk of Bias & Application to Test Methods Comparison
This module teaches you about possible biases that can be introduced at different stages of research. Each bias is explained with examples, including solutions for overcoming those biases. The second lesson covers systematic review of the zebrafish embryotoxicity test as a case study conducted by the Evidence-based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC). You will go through all of the steps of the systematic review again to imprint the knowledge from module 3, but this systematic review will be related to a toxicological method.
8 个视频, 2 个阅读材料, 1 个练习测验
- 视频: Introduction to Risk of Bias Concept in Critical Appraisal of Studies
- 视频: Examples for Risk of Bias Tools 1: Cochrane Collboration
- 视频: Examples for Risk of Bias Tools 2: SYRCLE's RoB Tool
- 视频: Examples of Risk of Bias Tools 3: National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) - OHAT
- 视频: Quality Assessment in Evidence-Based Toxicology
- Reading: Supporting reading
- 视频: Evidence-Based Toxicology (EBT) and Evidence-Based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC)
- 视频: Zebrafish Systematic Review
- Reading: Supporting reading
- Discussion Prompt: Risk of Bias is important to consider
- 练习测验: Practice Quiz 4
第 5 周
Quality Assurance, Good Practices, and Validation
Quality control is a very important aspect of not only modern toxicology but the entirety of life sciences. The first lesson in this module demonstrates the importance of performing quality control on your experiments. The second lesson is connected with the first one because validation of an alternative method requires highly standardized protocols and quality control at each step. This lesson teaches you different aspects of alternatives methods validation, how to perform classical validation, its pitfalls, and strategies to overcome them.
10 个视频, 2 个阅读材料, 1 个练习测验
- 视频: The Concepts of Quality Assurance (QA) and Good Practice (GP)
- 视频: Good Practice
- 视频: Quality Assurance
- 视频: Importance of GP and QA in EBT
- Reading: Supporting reading
- 视频: The Evolution of Validation of Alternative Methods
- 视频: The Traditional Validation Process
- 视频: Example of a Validation Study: Skin Irritation
- 视频: Developments in the Validation Area
- 视频: Validation and Tox-21c/EBT
- Reading: Supporting reading
- Discussion Prompt: Changes in the validation process
- 练习测验: Practice Quiz 5
第 6 周
Biometrical Tools & Future Perspectives
Evidence-based toxicology requires some knowledge of bioinformatics. The first lesson in the module teaches you some biostatistical tools you can apply when analyzing predectivity, specificity, and sensitivity of a method. You will also learn how to identify biases in a study with the help of bioinformatics. Evidence-based principles can be applied to every question you might have, even to which pizza to order tonight. You will learn the difference between eminence-based vs. evidence-based approaches. You will learn what is driving the lack of reproducibility and how evidence-based approaches should help to overcome the reproducibility crisis in science, which is explained with examples of experimental design, wrong models, poor quality of the cell cultures, etc.
8 个视频, 1 个阅读材料, 1 个练习测验
- 视频: Why We Need Biometry/Statistics in Evidence-Based Toxicology
- 视频: Statistics and Bioinformatics Applied in Evidence-Based Approaches I
- 视频: Statistics and Bioinformatics Applied in Evidence-Based Approaches II
- 视频: Risk and Bias and Its Impact on Evidence-Based Approaches
- 视频: Evidence-Based Is a More Rigorous Scientific Approach to Anything
- 视频: The Reproducibility Crisis in Science
- 视频: Where Is Evidence-Based Toxicology (EBT) and What Are The Next Steps?
- Reading: Supporting reading
- Discussion Prompt: Reproducibility crisis
- 练习测验: Practice quiz 6
已评分: Final exam
第 7 周
Summative Assessment - Systematic Review Assignment
The final week of the course is devoted to completing the Systematic Review Assignment. You will use SysRev to review at least 20 abstracts, apply inclusion and exclusion criteria, render decisions, and resolve conflicts with other reviewers.
1 个阅读材料
- Reading: Systematic Review Assignment Instructions
- 未评分插件: SysRev Demo
已评分: Systematic Review Assignment Results
常见问题解答
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制作方
Johns Hopkins University
The mission of The Johns Hopkins University is to educate its students and cultivate their capacity for life-long learning, to foster independent and original research, and to bring the benefits of discovery to the world.
